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Pneumonia Concept Map Nursing
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This pneumonia concept map nursing depicts the specifics of the pneumonia disease. The type of pneumonia you have determines the treatment. Most cases of pneumonia are treated at home, but severe cases may require hospitalization. Bacterial pneumonia is treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics may also hasten recovery in some cases of mycoplasma pneumonia. The majority of viral pneumonia does not have a specific treatment. They usually improve on their own. Other treatments may include eating well, increasing fluid intake, rest, oxygen therapy, pain medication, fever control, and possibly cough-relief medicine if the cough is severe, as illustrated in this pneumonia concept map nursing.
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PneumoniaBy: Megan Barton, Kristen bizub,Audra Blasnig, Kayla Green, MaggieO'Hara, and Savannah Rivers
Introduction to pneumonia
Acute, lower respiratory tract infection.inflammation in terminal airways & alveoli- impairing gas exchange.Caused by Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and parasites.6th leading cause of death in US- more prominent in immunodeficient patients.Higher in elderly and babiesdifferent organisms present different S/Sx and dif. treatment.Commom Organisms:(Gram-negative) Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aerugimose, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli.
Pathophysiology
Bacterial pneumonia: This infecition triggers alveolar inflammtion and edema.Viral pneumonia: This virus first attacks bronchiolar epithelial cells and causes interstitial inflammation and dequamation. Aspirations pneumonia: INhalation of gastric juices or hydrocarbon inflammatory changes and in activates surfactant over a large area.
Aspirations pneumonia
Decreased surfactantleads to alveolarcollapse. Acidic gastricjuices may damage theairflow , leading to secondary bacterialpneumonia.
Signs and SymptomsCoughing- can be dry and persistent or it may be productiveSputum productionPleuric chest painShaking/ chillsFeverWide range of physical signs:From diffuse, fine cracklesTo sings of localized or extensive consolidation and pleural effusionDyspneaTachypneaMalaiseDecreased breath sounds
Laboratory & Diagnosticagnostics
Chest X- rays are used to confirm the diagnosis.Sputum speciman, Gram stain, and culture and sensitivity tests differentiate the type of infection.WBC count indicates leukocytosis in bacterial pneumonia.Normal or low WBC count for viral or mycoplasmal pneumonia.
Risks Factors
Long TermHospitalization withVentilator
Smoking
Not Being Able to Coughor Hsving Difficulty WhileSwallowing
Chronic Disease
Age
Weakended or Supressed Immune System
HIV/AIDS
organ Transplant
Chemotherapy
Long Term Steroid Use
2 Years Old or Younger
65 Years Old or Older
Asthma
COPD
CFibrosisystic
Heart Disease
Introduction to pneumonia
Acute, lower respiratory tract infection.inflammation in terminal airways & alveoli- impairing gas exchange.Caused by Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and parasites.6th leading cause of death in US- more prominent in immunodeficient patients.Higher in elderly and babiesdifferent organisms present different S/Sx and dif. treatment.Commom Organisms:(Gram-negative) Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aerugimose, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli.
Bacterial Pneumonia
There is lowAcute, lowventilation withnormal perfusion.Capillaries becomeengored with blood,causing stasis. Asthe alveolocapillarymembrane breaksdown, alveoli fill withblood and exudate,resulting inatelectasis
Viral Pneumonia
The virus also invadesbronchial mucousglands and gobletcells. It then spreads to the alveoli, which fillwith blood and fiuid . Inadvanced infection, a hyaline membranemay form .
Nursing & Medical InterventionsTreatments:Antimicrobial TherapyHumidified oxygen therapyMechanical VentilationHigh- calorie dietAdequate fluid intakeBed RestAnalgesicsPositive end - expiratory pressure (to facilitate adeqate oxygenation in patients on mechanical ventilation for severe pneumonia)
Nursing Interventions:''The incidences of ventilator-associated pneumonia wassignificantly reduced using''bundles'' of care intervention.These bundiles... include thefollowing nursing interventions:(a)elevate the patient, and (b)mobilize the patient, and (c)implement comprehensive oralcare.''
Additional Nursing Interventions:Auscultate lung fields every 1-2 hourAuscultate lung sounds every 1-2 hourIncentive Spirometer''A' back to basics'approach to nursingcare can halp to preventunnecessareycomplications duringhospitalization.''
Medications Used to Treat Pneumonia:Ceftriaxone(Broad spectrum antibiotic)Cefotaxime (Broad Spectrum antibioticLevofloxacin (Anti- infective)Moxifloxacin (Anti-infective)Ampicillin/Sulbactam (Anti -infective, broad spectrum) Ertapenem (anti- infective) other Medications:Doripenem (anti- infective)Tigecycline(Broad spectrum, anti- infective) These medications are currently being tested as additional treatments for pneumonia.
Signs and SymptomsDifferences with Age
Adults:in previously healthyindividual adults,pneumonia may presentwith a 1 to 2 day historyof cough, fatigue, rigorsand pleuritic pain
Signs and SymptomsDifferences with Age
On examination respiratoryreat is likely to be repid, crackles may be audible oninspiration and there may beevidence of pleural effusion(dullness on auscultation orobvious lack of expansion ofthe ribcage on inspiration)
Signs and SymptomsUpon Examination
Subjective Data:Sudden onset of feveraccompanied by convulsionsComplaints of being weakShortness of breathComplaining of being tired on the move Insomnia or can't fall or stay asleepCoughing with phlegmNausea, vomiting, no appetiteSometimes diarrheaWeight loss
Laboratory & Diagnosticagnostics
Blood cultures reflect bacteremia.Arterial blood gas levels vary.Bronchoscopy or trensteacheal aspiration allows Collection of material for culture.Pulse oximetry Shows a reduced oxygen saturation level.
