This pneumonia concept map nursing depicts the specifics of the pneumonia disease. The type of pneumonia you have determines the treatment. Most cases of pneumonia are treated at home, but severe cases may require hospitalization. Bacterial pneumonia is treated with antibiotics. Antibiotics may also hasten recovery in some cases of mycoplasma pneumonia. The majority of viral pneumonia does not have a specific treatment. They usually improve on their own. Other treatments may include eating well, increasing fluid intake, rest, oxygen therapy, pain medication, fever control, and possibly cough-relief medicine if the cough is severe, as illustrated in this pneumonia concept map nursing.
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PneumoniaBy: Megan Barton, Kristen bizub,Audra Blasnig, Kayla Green, MaggieO'Hara, and Savannah Rivers
Introduction to pneumonia
Acute, lower respiratory tract infection.inflammation in terminal airways & alveoli- impairing gas exchange.Caused by Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and parasites.6th leading cause of death in US- more prominent in immunodeficient patients.Higher in elderly and babiesdifferent organisms present different S/Sx and dif. treatment.Commom Organisms:(Gram-negative) Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aerugimose, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli.
Pathophysiology
Bacterial pneumonia: This infecition triggers alveolar inflammtion and edema.Viral pneumonia: This virus first attacks bronchiolar epithelial cells and causes interstitial inflammation and dequamation. Aspirations pneumonia: INhalation of gastric juices or hydrocarbon inflammatory changes and in activates surfactant over a large area.
Aspirations pneumonia
Decreased surfactantleads to alveolarcollapse. Acidic gastricjuices may damage theairflow , leading to secondary bacterialpneumonia.
Signs and SymptomsCoughing- can be dry and persistent or it may be productiveSputum productionPleuric chest painShaking/ chillsFeverWide range of physical signs:From diffuse, fine cracklesTo sings of localized or extensive consolidation and pleural effusionDyspneaTachypneaMalaiseDecreased breath sounds
Laboratory & Diagnosticagnostics
Chest X- rays are used to confirm the diagnosis.Sputum speciman, Gram stain, and culture and sensitivity tests differentiate the type of infection.WBC count indicates leukocytosis in bacterial pneumonia.Normal or low WBC count for viral or mycoplasmal pneumonia.
Risks Factors
Long TermHospitalization withVentilator
Smoking
Not Being Able to Coughor Hsving Difficulty WhileSwallowing
Chronic Disease
Age
Weakended or Supressed Immune System
HIV/AIDS
organ Transplant
Chemotherapy
Long Term Steroid Use
2 Years Old or Younger
65 Years Old or Older
Asthma
COPD
CFibrosisystic
Heart Disease
Introduction to pneumonia
Acute, lower respiratory tract infection.inflammation in terminal airways & alveoli- impairing gas exchange.Caused by Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and parasites.6th leading cause of death in US- more prominent in immunodeficient patients.Higher in elderly and babiesdifferent organisms present different S/Sx and dif. treatment.Commom Organisms:(Gram-negative) Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aerugimose, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli.
Bacterial Pneumonia
There is lowAcute, lowventilation withnormal perfusion.Capillaries becomeengored with blood,causing stasis. Asthe alveolocapillarymembrane breaksdown, alveoli fill withblood and exudate,resulting inatelectasis
Viral Pneumonia
The virus also invadesbronchial mucousglands and gobletcells. It then spreads to the alveoli, which fillwith blood and fiuid . Inadvanced infection, a hyaline membranemay form .
Nursing & Medical InterventionsTreatments:Antimicrobial TherapyHumidified oxygen therapyMechanical VentilationHigh- calorie dietAdequate fluid intakeBed RestAnalgesicsPositive end - expiratory pressure (to facilitate adeqate oxygenation in patients on mechanical ventilation for severe pneumonia)
Nursing Interventions:''The incidences of ventilator-associated pneumonia wassignificantly reduced using''bundles'' of care intervention.These bundiles... include thefollowing nursing interventions:(a)elevate the patient, and (b)mobilize the patient, and (c)implement comprehensive oralcare.''
Additional Nursing Interventions:Auscultate lung fields every 1-2 hourAuscultate lung sounds every 1-2 hourIncentive Spirometer''A' back to basics'approach to nursingcare can halp to preventunnecessareycomplications duringhospitalization.''
Medications Used to Treat Pneumonia:Ceftriaxone(Broad spectrum antibiotic)Cefotaxime (Broad Spectrum antibioticLevofloxacin (Anti- infective)Moxifloxacin (Anti-infective)Ampicillin/Sulbactam (Anti -infective, broad spectrum) Ertapenem (anti- infective) other Medications:Doripenem (anti- infective)Tigecycline(Broad spectrum, anti- infective) These medications are currently being tested as additional treatments for pneumonia.
Signs and SymptomsDifferences with Age
Adults:in previously healthyindividual adults,pneumonia may presentwith a 1 to 2 day historyof cough, fatigue, rigorsand pleuritic pain
Signs and SymptomsDifferences with Age
On examination respiratoryreat is likely to be repid, crackles may be audible oninspiration and there may beevidence of pleural effusion(dullness on auscultation orobvious lack of expansion ofthe ribcage on inspiration)
Signs and SymptomsUpon Examination
Subjective Data:Sudden onset of feveraccompanied by convulsionsComplaints of being weakShortness of breathComplaining of being tired on the move Insomnia or can't fall or stay asleepCoughing with phlegmNausea, vomiting, no appetiteSometimes diarrheaWeight loss
Laboratory & Diagnosticagnostics
Blood cultures reflect bacteremia.Arterial blood gas levels vary.Bronchoscopy or trensteacheal aspiration allows Collection of material for culture.Pulse oximetry Shows a reduced oxygen saturation level.
Pneumonia Concept Map Nursing
81
Pneumonia
By: Megan Barton, Kristen bizub,
Audra Blasnig, Kayla Green, Maggie
O'Hara, and Savannah Rivers
Introduction to
pneumonia
Acute, lower respiratory tract infection.
inflammation in terminal airways & alveoli-
impairing gas exchange.
Caused by Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa
and parasites.
6th leading cause of death in US- more
prominent in immunodeficient patients.
Higher in elderly and babies
different organisms present different S/Sx and
dif. treatment.
Commom Organisms:(Gram-negative)
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus
aureus, Pseudomonas aerugimose, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Escherichia coli.
Pathophysiology
Bacterial pneumonia: This
infecition triggers alveolar
inflammtion and edema.
Viral pneumonia: This virus first
attacks bronchiolar epithelial
cells and causes interstitial
inflammation and dequamation.
Aspirations pneumonia:
INhalation of gastric juices or
hydrocarbon inflammatory
changes and in activates
surfactant over a large area.
Aspirations pneumonia
Decreased surfactant
leads to alveolar
collapse. Acidic gastric
juices may damage the
airflow , leading to secondary bacterial
pneumonia.
Signs and Symptoms
Coughing- can be dry and
persistent or it may be productive
Sputum production
Pleuric chest pain
Shaking/ chills
Fever
Wide range of physical signs:
From diffuse, fine crackles
To sings of localized or
extensive consolidation and
pleural effusion
Dyspnea
Tachypnea
Malaise
Decreased breath sounds
Laboratory & Diagnosticagnostics
Chest X- rays are used to confirm
the diagnosis.
Sputum speciman, Gram stain, and
culture and sensitivity tests
differentiate the type of infection.
WBC count indicates leukocytosis
in bacterial pneumonia.
Normal or low WBC count for viral
or mycoplasmal pneumonia.
Risks Factors
Long Term
Hospitalization with
Ventilator
Smoking
Not Being Able to Cough
or Hsving Difficulty While
Swallowing
Chronic Disease
Age
Weakended or Supressed Immune System
HIV/AIDS
organ Transplant
Chemotherapy
Long Term Steroid Use
2 Years Old or Younger
65 Years Old or Older
Asthma
COPD
CFibrosisystic
Heart Disease
Introduction to
pneumonia
Acute, lower respiratory tract infection.
inflammation in terminal airways & alveoli-
impairing gas exchange.
Caused by Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa
and parasites.
6th leading cause of death in US- more
prominent in immunodeficient patients.
Higher in elderly and babies
different organisms present different S/Sx and
dif. treatment.
Commom Organisms:(Gram-negative)
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus
aureus, Pseudomonas aerugimose, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Escherichia coli.
Bacterial Pneumonia
There is lowAcute, low
ventilation with
normal perfusion.
Capillaries become
engored with blood,
causing stasis. As
the alveolocapillary
membrane breaks
down, alveoli fill with
blood and exudate,
resulting in
atelectasis
Viral Pneumonia
The virus also invades
bronchial mucous
glands and goblet
cells. It then spreads
to the alveoli, which fill
with blood and fiuid . In
advanced infection, a
hyaline membrane
may form .
Nursing & Medical Interventions
Treatments:
Antimicrobial Therapy
Humidified oxygen therapy
Mechanical Ventilation
High- calorie diet
Adequate fluid intake
Bed Rest
Analgesics
Positive end - expiratory pressure
(to facilitate adeqate
oxygenation in patients on
mechanical ventilation for severe
pneumonia)
Nursing Interventions:
''The incidences of ventilator-
associated pneumonia was
significantly reduced using
''bundles'' of care intervention.
These bundi
les... include the
following nursing interventions:(a)
elevate the patient, and (b)
mobilize the patient, and (c)
implement comprehensive oral
care.''
Additional Nursing Interventions:
Auscultate lung fields every
1-2 hour
Auscultate lung sounds every
1-2 hour
Incentive Spirometer
''A' back to basics'
approach to nursing
care can halp to prevent
unnecessarey
complications during
hospitalization.''
Medications Used to Treat Pneumonia:
Ceftriaxone(Broad spectrum
antibiotic)
Cefotaxime (Broad Spectrum
antibiotic
Levofloxacin (Anti- infective)
Moxifloxacin (Anti-infective)
Ampicillin/Sulbactam (Anti -infective,
broad spectrum)
Ertapenem (anti- infective)
other Medications:
Doripenem (anti- infective)
Tigecycline(Broad spectrum,
anti- infective)
These medications are currently
being tested as additional treatments for pneumonia.
Signs and Symptoms
Differences with Age
Adults:
in previously healthy
individual adults,
pneumonia may present
with a 1 to 2 day history
of cough, fatigue, rigors
and pleuritic pain
Signs and Symptoms
Differences with Age
On examination respiratory
reat is likely to be repid,
crackles may be audible on
inspiration and there may be
evidence of pleural effusion
(dullness on auscultation or
obvious lack of expansion of
the ribcage on inspiration)
Signs and Symptoms
Upon Examination
Subjective Data:
Sudden onset of fever
accompanied by convulsions
Complaints of being weak
Shortness of breath
Complaining of being tired on
the move
Insomnia or can't fall or stay
asleep
Coughing with phlegm
Nausea, vomiting, no appetite
Sometimes diarrhea
Weight loss
Laboratory & Diagnosticagnostics
Blood cultures reflect bacteremia.
Arterial blood gas levels vary.
Bronchoscopy or trensteacheal aspiration allows
Collection of material for culture.
Pulse oximetry Shows a reduced oxygen saturation level.
PneumoniaBy: Megan Barton, Kristen bizub,Audra Blasnig, Kayla Green, MaggieO'Hara, and Savannah Rivers
Introduction to pneumonia
Acute, lower respiratory tract infection.inflammation in terminal airways & alveoli- impairing gas exchange.Caused by Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and parasites.6th leading cause of death in US- more prominent in immunodeficient patients.Higher in elderly and babiesdifferent organisms present different S/Sx and dif. treatment.Commom Organisms:(Gram-negative) Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aerugimose, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli.
Pathophysiology
Bacterial pneumonia: This infecition triggers alveolar inflammtion and edema.Viral pneumonia: This virus first attacks bronchiolar epithelial cells and causes interstitial inflammation and dequamation. Aspirations pneumonia: INhalation of gastric juices or hydrocarbon inflammatory changes and in activates surfactant over a large area.
Aspirations pneumonia
Decreased surfactantleads to alveolarcollapse. Acidic gastricjuices may damage theairflow , leading to secondary bacterialpneumonia.
Signs and SymptomsCoughing- can be dry and persistent or it may be productiveSputum productionPleuric chest painShaking/ chillsFeverWide range of physical signs:From diffuse, fine cracklesTo sings of localized or extensive consolidation and pleural effusionDyspneaTachypneaMalaiseDecreased breath sounds
Laboratory & Diagnosticagnostics
Chest X- rays are used to confirm the diagnosis.Sputum speciman, Gram stain, and culture and sensitivity tests differentiate the type of infection.WBC count indicates leukocytosis in bacterial pneumonia.Normal or low WBC count for viral or mycoplasmal pneumonia.
Risks Factors
Long TermHospitalization withVentilator
Smoking
Not Being Able to Coughor Hsving Difficulty WhileSwallowing
Chronic Disease
Age
Weakended or Supressed Immune System
HIV/AIDS
organ Transplant
Chemotherapy
Long Term Steroid Use
2 Years Old or Younger
65 Years Old or Older
Asthma
COPD
CFibrosisystic
Heart Disease
Introduction to pneumonia
Acute, lower respiratory tract infection.inflammation in terminal airways & alveoli- impairing gas exchange.Caused by Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and parasites.6th leading cause of death in US- more prominent in immunodeficient patients.Higher in elderly and babiesdifferent organisms present different S/Sx and dif. treatment.Commom Organisms:(Gram-negative) Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aerugimose, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli.
Bacterial Pneumonia
There is lowAcute, lowventilation withnormal perfusion.Capillaries becomeengored with blood,causing stasis. Asthe alveolocapillarymembrane breaksdown, alveoli fill withblood and exudate,resulting inatelectasis
Viral Pneumonia
The virus also invadesbronchial mucousglands and gobletcells. It then spreads to the alveoli, which fillwith blood and fiuid . Inadvanced infection, a hyaline membranemay form .
Nursing & Medical InterventionsTreatments:Antimicrobial TherapyHumidified oxygen therapyMechanical VentilationHigh- calorie dietAdequate fluid intakeBed RestAnalgesicsPositive end - expiratory pressure (to facilitate adeqate oxygenation in patients on mechanical ventilation for severe pneumonia)
Nursing Interventions:''The incidences of ventilator-associated pneumonia wassignificantly reduced using''bundles'' of care intervention.These bundiles... include thefollowing nursing interventions:(a)elevate the patient, and (b)mobilize the patient, and (c)implement comprehensive oralcare.''
Additional Nursing Interventions:Auscultate lung fields every 1-2 hourAuscultate lung sounds every 1-2 hourIncentive Spirometer''A' back to basics'approach to nursingcare can halp to preventunnecessareycomplications duringhospitalization.''
Medications Used to Treat Pneumonia:Ceftriaxone(Broad spectrum antibiotic)Cefotaxime (Broad Spectrum antibioticLevofloxacin (Anti- infective)Moxifloxacin (Anti-infective)Ampicillin/Sulbactam (Anti -infective, broad spectrum) Ertapenem (anti- infective) other Medications:Doripenem (anti- infective)Tigecycline(Broad spectrum, anti- infective) These medications are currently being tested as additional treatments for pneumonia.
Signs and SymptomsDifferences with Age
Adults:in previously healthyindividual adults,pneumonia may presentwith a 1 to 2 day historyof cough, fatigue, rigorsand pleuritic pain
Signs and SymptomsDifferences with Age
On examination respiratoryreat is likely to be repid, crackles may be audible oninspiration and there may beevidence of pleural effusion(dullness on auscultation orobvious lack of expansion ofthe ribcage on inspiration)
Signs and SymptomsUpon Examination
Subjective Data:Sudden onset of feveraccompanied by convulsionsComplaints of being weakShortness of breathComplaining of being tired on the move Insomnia or can't fall or stay asleepCoughing with phlegmNausea, vomiting, no appetiteSometimes diarrheaWeight loss
Laboratory & Diagnosticagnostics
Blood cultures reflect bacteremia.Arterial blood gas levels vary.Bronchoscopy or trensteacheal aspiration allows Collection of material for culture.Pulse oximetry Shows a reduced oxygen saturation level.
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