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MindMap Gallery Biochemical glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism
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Biochemical glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism
Mind map of biochemical sugar metabolism. The key enzymes include glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, anaerobic oxidation, aerobic oxidation, pentose phosphate pathway, and the synthesis and decomposition of glycogen. Welcome to exchange!
Edited at 2023-10-15 23:34:52
Biochemical glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism
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- Outline
Glucose metabolism
Activator: F-1,6-2P Inhibitor: ATP, alanine (pyruvate)
Activator: ADP, CA2 Inhibitor: ATP
Activator: CA2 Inhibitor: ATP, NADH, CoA succinate
Activators: AMP, ADP, F-2,6-BP (strongest), F-1,6-BP Inhibitors: ATP, citric acid
Location: Mitochondria
summary
reaction key enzyme
Glycolysis
hexokinase
four isoenzymes
Glucokinase
Only found in liver tissue
High Km, insulin regulation
Phosphofructokinase-1
pyruvate kinase
gluconeogenesis
pyruvate carboxylase
phosphoenolpyruvate kinase
fructose bisphosphatase-1
Glucose-6-phosphatase
Found in the liver and can use glucose-6-phosphate to produce glucose
Compared
anaerobic oxidation
Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
lactate dehydrogenase
LDH
This reaction is a reversible reaction
Aerobic oxidation
Acetyl CoA
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
cofactor
CoA, TPP, lipoic acid, NAD, FAF
tricarboxylic acid cycle
citrate synthase
isocitrate dehydrogenase
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
pentose phosphate pathway
G-6-P dehydrogenase
Glycogen synthesis and breakdown
glycogen synthase
glycogen phosphorylase
reaction summary
anaerobic oxidation
Glycolysis
Pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid
are carried out in the cytoplasm
Aerobic oxidation
Glycolysis
Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is oxidatively phosphorylated to provide energy
carried out in mitochondria
concept
Pasteur effect
In muscle tissue, aerobic oxidation of sugar inhibits glycolysis.
Warburg effect
In cells with active proliferation (such as tumor cells), even in the presence of oxygen, glucose is not completely oxidized but is broken down into lactic acid.
pentose phosphate pathway
Generate ribose 5-phosphate
Generate NADFH
effect
Glycogen synthesis and breakdown
Glycogen is the main storage form of sugar in the body
liver glycogen
Utilizes G-6-P enzyme to produce glucose for use by the body
muscle glycogen
Without G-6-P enzyme, it can only perform glycolysis to provide energy.
gluconeogenesis
It is not completely a reverse reaction of glycolysis, there are three energy barriers
raw material
Pyruvate, glycerin, lactic acid, amino acids (except leucine, lysine)
physiological significance
Maintain blood sugar stability
Replenish liver glycogen
Enhanced renal gluconeogenesis helps maintain acid-base balance
Lactic acid produced by muscle contraction causes gluconeogenesis in the liver to form lactic acid cycle
Blood sugar and its regulation
three sources
food digestion and absorption
hepatic glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
four ways to go
anaerobic glycolysis, aerobic oxidation
pentose phosphate pathway
converted into fat. amino acids
Synthesize glycogen
hormone
insulin
The only hormone that lowers blood sugar
glucagon
The main hormone in the body that raises blood sugar
Glucocorticoids
hormones that raise blood sugar
Adrenaline
A powerful hormone that increases blood sugar and accelerates glycogen decomposition under stress.
glucose
3. Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
2. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
GDP Pi
GTP
ADPPi
ATP
Exists in mitochondria and cytoplasm so there are two transformation pathways
The only cofactor present in mitochondria is biotin
Oxaloacetate
PEP
1. Pyruvate
It is not completely the reverse reaction of glycolysis. There are three irreversible reactions, which are called energy barriers.
glycogenolysis
Glycogen synthesis
Glycogen (Gn)
Pi
Glycogen (Gn)
Glycogen (Gn 1)
Connected by α-1,4-glycosidic bond
Active glucose, which acts as a glucose donor
PPi
UTP
Uridine diphosphate glucose UDPG
Glucose-1-phosphate
citric-pyruvic acid cycle
Aerobic oxidation
pentose phosphate bypass
Deficiency: Fava bean disease
NADPH
Anabolic hydrogen donor
Participate in hydroxylation reaction
Maintain glutathione in reduced state
Pentose 5-phosphate
NAD
NADH H
NADH H
NAD
Cofactors: CoA, TPP, lipoic acid, FAD, NAD
main method
tricarboxylic acid cycle
NADH H
NAD
FAD
substrate level phosphorylation
GTP(ATP)
GDP Pi
NADH H
NAD
NADH H
NAD
It is better to be different than to be the same. When tigers and tigers become equal, they can equalize tigers together. Two tigers and one are capable.
Oxaloacetate
malic acid
fumaric acid
FADH2
succinic acid
CoA succinate
alpha-ketoglutarate
Isocitric acid
citric acid
Acetyl CoA
anaerobic oxidation
Location: Cytoplasm
*2
-1ATP
-1ATP
Irreversible reactions are key reactions
2ATP
2ATP
substrate level phosphorylation
substrate level phosphorylation
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
lactic acid
Pyruvate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
2-phosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglycerate
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate
glucose