Homo erectus began to exist around 120,000 B.C.: Acheulean culture

About 90,000 years B.C., Homo sapiens appeared

About 50,000 years ago, two civilizations appeared in B.C.: Mosley culture (flint tools) and Astra culture (the emergence of bows and arrows)

Around 45,000 B.C., the Kaulmosan culture emerged, breaking away from desert survival and settling in the Nile Valley Delta.

About 12,000 to 10,000 years ago, it entered the Neolithic Age: a large number of cultural relics were unearthed from sites such as El Qab and Fayoum.

From about 4000 to 2800 B.C., large animals basically disappeared from the land of Egypt, indicating changes in the natural environment around Egypt.

The basic production tools are stone tools. The most common tool form is a stone sickle with serrated edges on both sides.

Badari pottery can be divided into two categories: rough pottery and refined pottery.

Negada is a village in modern Egypt, located north of Luxor

During this period, productivity developed to a certain extent, and a specialized flint processing industry emerged.

The processing technology of stone tools has been further improved, and limestone, alabaster, serpentine, etc. in the Nile Valley and desert areas have been developed.

During this period, three major centers formed in Upper Egypt: Negada, Hierakonpolis, and Abydos.

The last phase of the Predynastic period. Ancient Egypt began to gradually unify and establish a unified and powerful country.

Hierakonpolis gradually developed into the most important political center

Kingdom of Hierakonpolis

The Crown of the Scorpion King and the Narmer Palette showing the king wearing the crown of Lower Egypt. Narmer began the campaign to unify Egypt. There is still a process until Egypt is truly unified.

King Den was the most outstanding king of the First Dynasty and ruled Egypt for more than 50 years. For the first time, he adopted the red and white crown, and the title of nswt-bity (establishing his authority in Upper and Lower Egypt)

Khasekhemwy completed the unification of Egypt and entered the period of centralized dynasty

During the early dynasty, kings had two tombs, one in Saqqara, which was larger and was a real tomb; the other in Abydos was like a tomb. Reflects the duality of royal power

The pyramid is called mr in Egyptian, which means towering. The Great Pyramid can receive the first rays of the sun, and its construction is linked to the worship of the sun god "Ra"

Designed and supervised by Imhotep, the Third Dynasty Pharaoh Zoser built the first ladder pyramid near Memphis. The Fourth Dynasty ushered in the true pyramid age.

Giza Pyramids: Pyramid of Khufu, Pyramid of Khafre, Khufu’s son, Pyramid of Menkaure, grandson of Khufu Snowferu created the age of the pyramids, and Khufu gathered his greatest achievements

Necessary conditions for building a pyramid: ① Tight social organization. The construction of large pyramids shows that Egypt has changed its original loose centralization state and is a manifestation of centralization. ②Supervisory figures (military). The Fourth Dynasty established the army and navy.

The construction of the Great Pyramid consumed a lot of material and financial resources, and also caused the dynasty to deplete its financial resources.

The last pharaoh of the Third Dynasty was Huni. Snofuru probably married Huni's daughter through marriage, thus inheriting Huni's pharaoh position. It can be seen from this that in addition to inheritance through paternal blood, the pharaoh's blood may also be inherited through maternal blood.

Fifth Dynasty: Userkaf, who should be the grandson of brother Hafrey, is the founder of the Fifth Dynasty of ancient Egypt. He built his own Jinjia Tower in Saqqara and the Sun Temple in Abusir.

The Sixth Dynasty was full of palace struggles and murders, and eventually split, and the history of the ancient kingdom came to an end.

Economic decline, financial depletion

Political reasons - Priesthood: The worship of the sun god led to the priests becoming more and more powerful, and the king donated more and more land and wealth to the priests. Local Nobility: The power of local nobility grows The corruption of the dynasty

Mentuhotep II began to strengthen centralized authoritarian rule and weaken the power of local aristocrats. Specific measures include: Send imperial envoys to various places to manage the country Important officials in the central government were held by Thebans A governor of Lower Egypt was established to collect taxes and build buildings.

The era that really made the Middle Kingdom prosperous was the Twelfth Dynasty established by Amenimhat I through a coup. He established a new political center in Lower Egypt - Itawi

Amenimhat I initiated the Egyptian tradition of "co-governance", allowing heirs to ascend to the position of pharaoh while he was still on the throne to prevent chaos caused by conspiracy such as murder. Amenimhat I was indeed murdered. However, the co-ruling pharaohs were also able to shoulder important responsibilities. The Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt did not end because of this, but was thriving and moving forward.

During the Middle Kingdom, a new class emerged—Nejes (nds). The original meaning of "Nejes" is "little people", which is the class corresponding to the nobility. They developed during the Middle Kingdom, owning land and slaves, and some also served as important officials and priests. They became an important pillar in the struggle between royal power and local nobility.

In terms of external relations: external expansion and overseas trade; conquest of Nubia

Economic aspect: construction of water conservancy and irrigation projects; development of Fayoum area and expansion of cultivated land area

Reasons why the Twelfth Dynasty is called the Golden Age: ①A large number of magnificent buildings ②The classical era of literature. The most written materials appeared during this period, and literature began to flourish. Similar content can be found in the Bible and Homer's epics in the literature of Egypt's classical era. ③The literature of the Middle Kingdom laid the foundation for the Egyptian language of later generations (Middle Egyptian)

local divisions

The Great People's Uprising "Yi Pu Wei Chen Ci"

Foreign Invasion: The Hyksos

The Thirteenth Dynasty experienced 40 pharaohs and showed a decline. After the Thirteenth Dynasty, Egypt once again split.

The fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth dynasties of Egypt existed at the same time. The Fifteenth and Sixteenth Dynasties were both in the Nile Delta of Lower Egypt, and the Seventeenth Dynasty was in Thebes of Upper Egypt.

The records in the King List about several pharaohs of the Fourteenth Dynasty were actually the ancestors of the Hyksos of the Fifteenth Dynasty. The Hyksos (transliteration of "foreign rulers" in Egyptian) were a mixed ethnic group from western Asia in ancient times. They entered eastern Egypt in the 17th century BC and established the 15th and 16th dynasties. There are two theories about the invasion of the Hyksos. Some think it was a long-term infiltration, and some think it was a sudden invasion.

When the Hyksos entered Egypt, Egypt's civilization was already very developed, and its culture, religion, art, etc. had reached a certain height. However, the Hyksos' compound bows, chariots and other tools were far superior to those of the Egyptians. Weapons and tactics used by ancient armies. The Hyksos also brought a sense of territorial expansion to Egypt

A "quarrel letter" written by the Hyksos pharaoh to Sekenanratau II, the pharaoh of the Seventeenth Dynasty in the south, became the trigger of the war (a war triggered by the cry of hippopotamus?) Hi The Xosians were driven out of Egypt by Ahmose, the son of Sekenanratau II. Ahmose unified Egypt again, and Egypt entered the era of a new kingdom that continued to expand in Western Asia-the Age of Empires.

Major events in Ahmose: Expelled the Hyksos from Egypt and founded the Eighteenth Dynasty Weakened the power of the divided princes Governor established in Nubia

Amenhotep I: suppressed the Libyan uprising; conquered Nubia southward and reached the third waterfall of the Nile; Thutmose I: Drilled rock cave tombs and pioneered the construction of the Valley of the Kings. 63 tombs have been discovered in the Valley of the Kings (as of 2010) Hatshepsut: Queen of Ancient Egyptian History, Commercial Expedition to Punt Thutmose III: Seventeen expeditions to Western Asia, southward expedition to the Fourth Cataract, laying the foundation of the ancient Egyptian empire in Asia Amenhotep III: Heyday, singing and dancing

Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) religious reform

The last pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty designated Ramesses I as his successor, creating the Nineteenth Dynasty and entering the Ramesses period.

After Seti I inherited the throne of Rames I, he conducted an expedition to Western Asia and plundered Palestine and even Syria. Seti I was also keen on architecture, such as the expansion of the multi-column hall of the Temple of Karnak in Thebes and the construction of the largest tomb in the Valley of the Kings.

Ramses II is known as the Alexander of the ancient world and is also known as Ramses the Great. Ramesses reigned for 67 years, during which he waged a war with the Hittite Empire at its peak that lasted for more than ten years. During the stalemate, the Assyrian Empire rose, and Egypt and the Hittites signed the first peace treaty in human history - the "Silver Plate Treaty"

In the 67th year of Ramesses' reign, his son Merneptah succeeded to the throne. During this period, the Sea Peoples invaded Egypt. Merneptah used the oracle to fight against the Sea Peoples. Although the enemies were repelled, Egypt was also severely weakened.

Setnacht suppressed the uprising in the late Nineteenth Dynasty and established the Twentieth Dynasty

During the reign of Ramesses III, he defeated the Libyans and defeated the invasion of the Sea Peoples. There was a serious struggle for power in the palace and a palace conspiracy occurred.

During the period from Ramesses IV to Ramses XI, the pharaoh's rule was short-lived, internal troubles were serious, and an empire crisis occurred. After the decline of the power of the pharaohs in ancient Egypt, two major priest groups emerged, Smendes in the north and Herehor in the south. The Pharaoh curried favor with the priestly group of Amun and made large donations. Herehor moved his power to the south and regarded himself as pharaoh. He finally usurped the throne and established the 2I Dynasty, sounding the death knell of the empire.