MindMap Gallery Mind map of the composition and properties of blood
This is a mind map about the composition and properties of blood. Blood is a fluid tissue composed of plasma and blood cells that exists in the cardiovascular system. Its main components include red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.
Edited at 2024-04-22 19:24:10Mappa mentale per il piano di inserimento dei nuovi dipendenti nella prima settimana. Strutturata per giorni: Giorno 1 – benvenuto, configurazione strumenti, presentazione team. Secondo giorno – formazione su policy aziendali e obiettivi del ruolo. Terzo giorno – affiancamento e primi task guidati. Il quarto giorno – riunioni con dipartimenti chiave e feedback intermedio. Il quinto giorno – revisione settimanale, definizione obiettivi a breve termine e integrazione culturale.
Mappa mentale per l’analisi della formazione francese ai Mondiali 2026. Punti chiave: attacco stellare guidato da Mbappé, con triplice minaccia (profondità, taglio, sponda). Criticità: centrocampo poco creativo – la costruzione offensiva dipende dagli attaccanti che arretrano. Difesa solida (Upamecano, Saliba, Koundé). Portiere Maignan. Variabili: gestione infortuni e condizione fisica dei big. Ideale per scout, giornalisti e tifosi.
Mappa mentale per l’analisi della formazione francese ai Mondiali 2026. Punti chiave: attacco stellare guidato da Mbappé, con triplice minaccia (profondità, taglio, sponda). Criticità: centrocampo poco creativo – la costruzione offensiva dipende dagli attaccanti che arretrano. Difesa solida (Upamecano, Saliba, Koundé). Portiere Maignan. Variabili: gestione infortuni e condizione fisica dei big. Ideale per scout, giornalisti e tifosi.
Mappa mentale per il piano di inserimento dei nuovi dipendenti nella prima settimana. Strutturata per giorni: Giorno 1 – benvenuto, configurazione strumenti, presentazione team. Secondo giorno – formazione su policy aziendali e obiettivi del ruolo. Terzo giorno – affiancamento e primi task guidati. Il quarto giorno – riunioni con dipartimenti chiave e feedback intermedio. Il quinto giorno – revisione settimanale, definizione obiettivi a breve termine e integrazione culturale.
Mappa mentale per l’analisi della formazione francese ai Mondiali 2026. Punti chiave: attacco stellare guidato da Mbappé, con triplice minaccia (profondità, taglio, sponda). Criticità: centrocampo poco creativo – la costruzione offensiva dipende dagli attaccanti che arretrano. Difesa solida (Upamecano, Saliba, Koundé). Portiere Maignan. Variabili: gestione infortuni e condizione fisica dei big. Ideale per scout, giornalisti e tifosi.
Mappa mentale per l’analisi della formazione francese ai Mondiali 2026. Punti chiave: attacco stellare guidato da Mbappé, con triplice minaccia (profondità, taglio, sponda). Criticità: centrocampo poco creativo – la costruzione offensiva dipende dagli attaccanti che arretrano. Difesa solida (Upamecano, Saliba, Koundé). Portiere Maignan. Variabili: gestione infortuni e condizione fisica dei big. Ideale per scout, giornalisti e tifosi.
Composition and properties of blood
blood composition
plasma and blood cells
Plasma: light yellow transparent liquid, accounting for about 50% to 60% of the total volume
Blood cells: including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, accounting for approximately 40% to 50% of the total volume
Hematocrit
Reflects the relative number of red blood cells in the blood
Normal adult men are 40% to 50%, women are 37% to 48%, and newborns are about 55%.
Physical and chemical properties of blood
color
Depends on the color of hemoglobin in red blood cells
Arterial blood is bright red and venous blood is dark red
Plasma is light yellow
proportion
The specific gravity of whole blood is 1.050~1.060, which has a positive relationship with the number of red blood cells.
Plasma specific gravity is 1.025~1.030, depending on the plasma protein content
viscosity
The viscosity of whole blood is 4 to 5 times that of water, depending on the number of red blood cells
Plasma viscosity is 1.6~2.4 times that of water, depending on the plasma protein content
Increased blood viscosity leads to increased blood flow resistance
pH
Normal plasma pH is 7.35~7.45, which is an important indicator of the body’s internal environment homeostasis.
The relative stability of plasma pH depends on the buffer pairs in the blood and the excretory functions of the lungs and kidneys
When the plasma pH is lower than 7.35, it is acidosis, and when it is higher than 7.45, it is alkalosis.
Mission 2 Plasma
Plasma components and their effects
water
Carrier for transporting nutrients and metabolites
Participate in body temperature regulation
Inorganic salt
Maintain plasma crystal osmotic pressure, acid-base balance, nerve and muscle excitability
plasma proteins
Form plasma colloid osmotic pressure and regulate water balance inside and outside blood vessels
Transport lipids, ions, vitamins, metabolites
Participate in immune response to resist pathogenic microorganisms
Regulate the body's acid-base balance
Participate in physiological processes such as blood coagulation, anticoagulation, and fibrinolysis
nutritional function
non-protein nitrogenous compounds
Understand protein metabolism levels and renal excretory function
other
Contains glucose, lipids, ketone bodies, lactic acid, vitamins and hormones, etc.
Gas molecules such as O2 and CO2
plasma osmolality
Formation and normal values
Plasma crystal osmotic pressure is formed by ions and small molecules with small molecular weight and large number of particles.
Plasma colloid osmotic pressure is formed by plasma proteins with larger molecular weight and fewer particles.
Normal plasma osmotic pressure is about 300mOsm/(kg·H2O)
Physiological effects
Regulate water balance inside and outside cells
Maintain cell morphology and function
Affects the production and reflux of tissue fluid
Task three blood cells
red blood cells
The shape, number and function of red blood cells
Red blood cells are the most numerous cells in the blood and are biconcave disc-shaped
The normal number of red blood cells in adult males is (4.0~5.5)×102/L and in females is (3.5~5.0)×102/L
The main function is to transport O2 and CO2 and buffer the pH of blood.
Physiological properties of red blood cells
Plastic deformability: refers to the ability of red blood cells to deform under the action of external forces. Aging red blood cells have weakened deformation ability.
Osmotic fragility: The characteristic of red blood cells swelling and rupturing in hypotonic solutions. Normal red blood cells do not rupture in 0.6%~0.8% NaCl solution.
Suspension stability: red blood cells are relatively stable suspended in plasma and are not easy to sink. This is related to the composition of plasma. When the content of globulin, fibrinogen and cholesterol increases, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate accelerates.
leukocyte
Type and number of white blood cells
White blood cells include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
The normal adult white blood cell count is (4.0~10.0)×109/L
Physiological functions of white blood cells
Neutrophils: phagocytosis, bactericidal effect, participation in inflammatory response
Lymphocytes: involved in humoral immunity and cellular immunity
Monocytes: engulf and remove injured and aging cells and debris
Eosinophils: involved in allergic reactions and resistance to parasitic infections
Basophils: involved in allergic reactions
platelets
The shape and number of platelets
Platelets are the smallest cells in the blood, with irregular shapes and no nuclei.
The normal adult platelet count is (100~300)×109/L
Physiological functions of platelets
Participate in the process of hemostasis and coagulation, form thrombi, and seal wounds
Releases growth factors to promote wound healing and angiogenesis
Participate in inflammatory and immune responses
Composition and Characteristics of Blood
Task 4 Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
blood clotting
blood clotting definition
The process by which blood changes from a flowing sol state to an immobile gel state
blood coagulation essence
The process of converting soluble fibrinogen in plasma into insoluble fibrin
blood coagulation products
Fibrin interweaves into a network to form a blood clot
A light yellow liquid separates out, called serum
clotting factor
coagulation factor definition
Substances in plasma and tissues that are directly involved in blood coagulation
Types of clotting factors
14 species are known, 12 of which are numbered with Roman numerals
Clotting factor properties
Except for factor V, which is Ca2, the rest are proteins
Most of them exist in the form of inactive zymogens and need to be activated
Except for factor III, which is released by tissue cells, the rest are in the plasma and most are synthesized in the liver.
Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX and X
blood clotting process
The basic steps
prothrombinase complex formation
thrombin formation
Fibrin formation
prothrombinase complex formation
Requires activation factor
It can be divided into two pathways: intrinsic coagulation and exogenous coagulation.
intrinsic coagulation pathway
Factors involved in coagulation are all present in plasma and are initiated by factor XII
When blood comes into contact with foreign matter, factor XII is activated into XIa
Xla activates factor XI to XIa
With the participation of Ca2, factor XIa converts factor IX into IXa
IXa forms a factor IIIa complex with factor VIIIa, Ca2, and PF3, which activates factor X to Xa
extrinsic coagulation pathway
Initiated by coagulation factor III present in tissues entering the blood
Factor III is a phospholipid protein that is widely present in various tissues
When tissue is damaged or blood vessels rupture, tissue cells release factor III, which together with Ca2 and factor VIa forms the Va-tissue factor complex, prompting the activation of factor X into Xa
(3) Anticoagulation system
Physiological anticoagulation mechanism
Intima and coagulation factors
The intima of blood vessels is smooth and complete, making it difficult to activate coagulation factors.
There is no factor III in the blood and the coagulation pathway is not activated.
blood flow velocity and platelets
The blood flow is fast and platelets are not easy to adhere and aggregate.
Rapid blood flow dilution washes away clotting factors
Anticoagulants and fibrinolytic systems
Anticoagulant substances such as antithrombin and tissue factor pathway inhibitors
Fibrinolytic system maintains blood fluid status
Mechanism of action of anticoagulant substances
antithrombin
Combines with thrombin to form a complex to inactivate thrombin
Inactivates factors V, IXa, Xa, Xla, Xla
tissue factor pathway inhibitor
Directly inhibits factor X activity
Inactivates factor VIa-Ⅲ complex and inhibits extrinsic coagulation
Protein C system
Inactivate factors Va and VIIIa and weaken the effect of factor Xa
Promote fibrinolysis
heparin
Enhance the affinity of antithrombin and thrombin
Stimulates the release of tissue factor inhibitor and other anticoagulant substances
Stimulates the release of plasminogen activator and enhances fibrinolysis
Inhibit thrombin formation on platelet surface and platelet function
2. Fibrinolysis
activation of plasminogen
plasminogen
Glycoproteins in plasma are mainly synthesized in the liver, bone marrow and kidneys
plasminogen activator
Divided into three categories: vascular activators, tissue activators, and factor XII-dependent activators
Degradation of fibrinogen and fibrin
plasmin
Very active proteolytic enzyme
Fibrin degradation products
Coagulation no longer occurs and some have anticoagulant effects
fibrinolysis inhibitor
Antiplasmin
Combines with plasmin to form a complex and inactivates plasmin
plasminogen activator inhibitor
Binds to plasminogen activator to inhibit plasminogen activation
Dynamic balance of coagulation and fibrinolysis
Coagulation is stronger than fibrinolysis
Thrombosis occurs
Fibrinolysis is stronger than coagulation
causing bleeding
Task 5: Blood volume, blood type and blood transfusion principles
HP
Definition and Importance
Blood volume refers to the total volume of blood in the human body, which is a necessary condition for maintaining life activities.
Normal adult blood volume is equivalent to 7% to 8% of body weight, which is the basis for maintaining stable arterial blood pressure and blood supply to tissues and organs.
Effects of changes in blood volume
The body's blood loss at one time does not exceed 10% of the total blood volume, and there may be no obvious clinical symptoms.
Acute blood loss reaches 20% of the total blood volume, and symptoms such as a drop in blood pressure will occur.
Acute blood loss reaches 30% of the total blood volume, which can be life-threatening and requires immediate blood transfusion for rescue.
blood type
Definition and Classification
Blood type refers to the type of specific antigen on the blood cell membrane, usually the specific antigen on the red blood cell membrane.
There are currently 30 different red blood cell blood group systems discovered, the most important of which are the ABO blood group system and the Rh blood group system.
ABO blood group system
Types
Type A: Contains only A antigen on the red blood cell membrane.
Type B: Contains only B antigen on the red blood cell membrane.
Type AB: contains both A and B antigens on the red blood cell membrane.
Type O: does not contain A or B antigens on the red blood cell membrane.
identification
Based on the principle of red blood cell agglutination reaction, serotyping reagents containing anti-A and anti-B agglutinins are used for identification.
ABO blood type is determined based on the presence or absence of agglutination.
Rh blood group system
The Rh blood group system is also one of the important blood group systems and is divided into two types: Rh positive and Rh negative.
Rh-negative blood is relatively rare in the human population and is called "panda blood". Special attention must be paid during blood transfusions.
Blood transfusion principle
Homotype blood transfusion
Under normal circumstances, blood transfusions of the same type should be adhered to to avoid transfusion reactions caused by incompatible blood types.
blood transfusion in emergency
In an emergency, if blood of the same type is not available, transfusion of type O blood (universal donor) or type AB blood (universal recipient) may be considered, but transfusion reactions need to be paid close attention to.
Blood transfusion in special circumstances
For patients with Rh-negative blood, Rh-negative blood should be transfused as much as possible to avoid Rh hemolytic reaction.
For special conditions such as neonatal hemolytic disease and autoimmune hemolytic anemia, blood transfusion plans need to be formulated according to the specific condition.