Carrier for transporting nutrients and metabolites

Participate in body temperature regulation

Maintain plasma crystal osmotic pressure, acid-base balance, nerve and muscle excitability

Form plasma colloid osmotic pressure and regulate water balance inside and outside blood vessels

Transport lipids, ions, vitamins, metabolites

Participate in immune response to resist pathogenic microorganisms

Regulate the body's acid-base balance

Participate in physiological processes such as blood coagulation, anticoagulation, and fibrinolysis

nutritional function

Understand protein metabolism levels and renal excretory function

Contains glucose, lipids, ketone bodies, lactic acid, vitamins and hormones, etc.

Gas molecules such as O2 and CO2

Plasma crystal osmotic pressure is formed by ions and small molecules with small molecular weight and large number of particles.

Plasma colloid osmotic pressure is formed by plasma proteins with larger molecular weight and fewer particles.

Normal plasma osmotic pressure is about 300mOsm/(kg·H2O)

Regulate water balance inside and outside cells

Maintain cell morphology and function

Affects the production and reflux of tissue fluid

Red blood cells are the most numerous cells in the blood and are biconcave disc-shaped

The normal number of red blood cells in adult males is (4.0~5.5)×102/L and in females is (3.5~5.0)×102/L

The main function is to transport O2 and CO2 and buffer the pH of blood.

Plastic deformability: refers to the ability of red blood cells to deform under the action of external forces. Aging red blood cells have weakened deformation ability.

Osmotic fragility: The characteristic of red blood cells swelling and rupturing in hypotonic solutions. Normal red blood cells do not rupture in 0.6%~0.8% NaCl solution.

Suspension stability: red blood cells are relatively stable suspended in plasma and are not easy to sink. This is related to the composition of plasma. When the content of globulin, fibrinogen and cholesterol increases, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate accelerates.

White blood cells include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils

The normal adult white blood cell count is (4.0~10.0)×109/L

Neutrophils: phagocytosis, bactericidal effect, participation in inflammatory response

Lymphocytes: involved in humoral immunity and cellular immunity

Monocytes: engulf and remove injured and aging cells and debris

Eosinophils: involved in allergic reactions and resistance to parasitic infections

Basophils: involved in allergic reactions

Platelets are the smallest cells in the blood, with irregular shapes and no nuclei.

The normal adult platelet count is (100~300)×109/L

Participate in the process of hemostasis and coagulation, form thrombi, and seal wounds

Releases growth factors to promote wound healing and angiogenesis

Participate in inflammatory and immune responses

The process by which blood changes from a flowing sol state to an immobile gel state

The process of converting soluble fibrinogen in plasma into insoluble fibrin

Fibrin interweaves into a network to form a blood clot

A light yellow liquid separates out, called serum

Substances in plasma and tissues that are directly involved in blood coagulation

14 species are known, 12 of which are numbered with Roman numerals

Except for factor V, which is Ca2, the rest are proteins

Most of them exist in the form of inactive zymogens and need to be activated

Except for factor III, which is released by tissue cells, the rest are in the plasma and most are synthesized in the liver.

Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of factors II, VII, IX and X

prothrombinase complex formation

thrombin formation

Fibrin formation

Requires activation factor

It can be divided into two pathways: intrinsic coagulation and exogenous coagulation.

intrinsic coagulation pathway

extrinsic coagulation pathway

Intima and coagulation factors

blood flow velocity and platelets

Anticoagulants and fibrinolytic systems

antithrombin

tissue factor pathway inhibitor

Protein C system

heparin

plasminogen

plasminogen activator

plasmin

Fibrin degradation products

Antiplasmin

plasminogen activator inhibitor

Coagulation is stronger than fibrinolysis

Fibrinolysis is stronger than coagulation

Blood volume refers to the total volume of blood in the human body, which is a necessary condition for maintaining life activities.

Normal adult blood volume is equivalent to 7% to 8% of body weight, which is the basis for maintaining stable arterial blood pressure and blood supply to tissues and organs.

The body's blood loss at one time does not exceed 10% of the total blood volume, and there may be no obvious clinical symptoms.

Acute blood loss reaches 20% of the total blood volume, and symptoms such as a drop in blood pressure will occur.

Acute blood loss reaches 30% of the total blood volume, which can be life-threatening and requires immediate blood transfusion for rescue.

Blood type refers to the type of specific antigen on the blood cell membrane, usually the specific antigen on the red blood cell membrane.

There are currently 30 different red blood cell blood group systems discovered, the most important of which are the ABO blood group system and the Rh blood group system.

Types

identification

The Rh blood group system is also one of the important blood group systems and is divided into two types: Rh positive and Rh negative.

Rh-negative blood is relatively rare in the human population and is called "panda blood". Special attention must be paid during blood transfusions.

Under normal circumstances, blood transfusions of the same type should be adhered to to avoid transfusion reactions caused by incompatible blood types.

In an emergency, if blood of the same type is not available, transfusion of type O blood (universal donor) or type AB blood (universal recipient) may be considered, but transfusion reactions need to be paid close attention to.

For patients with Rh-negative blood, Rh-negative blood should be transfused as much as possible to avoid Rh hemolytic reaction.

For special conditions such as neonatal hemolytic disease and autoimmune hemolytic anemia, blood transfusion plans need to be formulated according to the specific condition.