The heart shadow increases to varying degrees; Left heart failure - pulmonary congestion, pulmonary edema, left atrium enlargement

Acute myocardial infarction—pericardial effusion, pleural effusion, exudative changes in the lower lobe

Complications: ventricular aneurysm - localized swelling of the left heart border; Ventricular septal perforation - pulmonary congestion, pulmonary congestion, pulmonary edema

Coronary angiography

left ventriculography

Myocardial ischemia - phasic wall motion abnormalities; reduced systolic wall thickening rate

Myocardial infarction - the myocardium in the infarcted area becomes thinner, the systolic thickening rate is significantly reduced, and the ventricular wall motion disappears; the amplitude of compensatory wall motion of the myocardium in the non-infarcted area increases

Complications: ventricular aneurysm, intraluminal mural thrombosis, ventricular septal perforation, papillary muscle insufficiency

Coronary artery abnormalities: Plain scan - calcification Iodine contrast agent - plaque, lumen stenosis degree

Myocardial ischemia: the myocardial thickening rate in the diseased part of the heart decreases/disappears during systole; the subendocardial/myocardial full-thickness density decreases

Myocardial infarction: local myocardial thinning and loss of contractile motor function; complications (ventricular aneurysm, pseudoaneurysm, intracardiac mural thrombus)

Myocardial ischemia: The myocardium weakens in stages; myocardial perfusion, the myocardial signal in the ischemic area is lower than the normal blood supply area

acute myocardial infarction

old myocardial infarction

complication

Mitral stenosis: exertional dyspnea, hemoptysis, apical rumbling diastolic murmur

Mitral regurgitation: palpitations, shortness of breath, left heart failure symptoms, apical systolic murmur

Aortic stenosis: angina, dizziness and syncope, aortic valve area murmur

Mitral valve stenosis: pulmonary congestion, pulmonary edema, mitral valve-shaped heart shadow, pulmonary artery segment protrusion, left atrium and right ventricle enlargement

Mitral regurgitation: left ventricular enlargement, lung changes

Aortic stenosis: left ventricular enlargement to varying degrees, localized dilation of the middle segment of the ascending aorta

Aortic regurgitation: enlargement of the left ventricle, general dilation of the ascending aorta and aortic arch

Combined valvular disease: The heart becomes enlarged and the symptoms of severe valvular disease are more prominent.

First choice

mitral stenosis

Mitral valve insufficiency

aortic stenosis

aortic valve insufficiency

combined valvular disease

The spherical shape of the heart is enlarged, with all four chambers enlarging; the myocardium is relaxed and weak, the systolic motor function is reduced, the intraventricular pressure during diastole is increased, and the ejection fraction is reduced.

Palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pain, left heart failure, arrhythmia, thrombosis

X-ray

Ultrasound

CT

MRI

X-ray: Increased pulmonary blood - pulmonary artery segment protrusion, hilar artery dilation, peripheral branches increase and thicken; Enlarged heart shadow - "mitral valve" type, enlarged right atrium and ventricle; Aortic node is small/normal; Combined with pulmonary hypertension - pulmonary artery segment and hilar artery are more obviously dilated

Ultrasound: The right atrium and right ventricle are enlarged, and the right ventricular outflow tract is widened Interruption of atrial septal continuity; Color Doppler - left atrium to right atrium shunt

Pulmonary artery stenosis, ventricular septal defect, aortic straddling, right ventricular hypertrophy

Developmental delay, reduced mobility, shortness of breath, tendency to squat, history of syncope; cyanosis, clubbing of fingers

X-ray

Pericardial effusion: small amount - no abnormality; medium large amount - the heart shadow increases to both sides, "flask shape"

Constrictive pericarditis: enlargement of the heart (unilateral/bilateral atrium enlargement); stiffness and deformation of the heart edge; pericardial calcification; Increased venous pressure - enlargement of the superior and inferior vena cava; Increased left atrial pressure - pulmonary congestion, pulmonary edema; Pleural effusion, pleural thickening, adhesions

Pericardial effusion: separation of pericardial viscera and parietal layer, anechoic fluid dark area; Cellulose - flocculent, strip-like, moderate echo; Massive effusion - a large amount of fluid dark area in the pericardial cavity, heart swing sign; Pericardial plug - diastolic collapse of the anterior wall of the right ventricle;

Constrictive pericarditis: bilateral atrial enlargement, pericardial thickening and calcification

Small amount of effusion: <100 ml, distributed in the pericardial recess and posterior atrioventricular groove

Medium amount of effusion: 100~500mL, pericardial and parietal effusion >15~25mm

Large amount of effusion: >500mL, pericardial and parietal effusion >25mm, widely distributed in the pericardial cavity

Constrictive pericarditis: irregular thickening of the pericardium (>2mm) and calcification; enlargement of the left and right atria, reduction/deformation of the inner diameter of the left and right ventricles, and stiff ventricular septum

T1: serous effusion - uniform low signal; exudative effusion - uneven high signal; bloody effusion - medium/high signal

T2: Uniform high signal

Constrictive pericarditis: low to moderate signal

Symptoms: Severe chest, back/abdominal pain, increased heart rate, dyspnea, syncope, asymmetry of blood pressure and pulse in both limbs; murmur at the bottom of the heart, acute cardiac tamponade; severe - shock, congestive heart failure, sudden death, cerebrovascular accident , paraplegia

X-ray: The mediastinal/aortic shadow is significantly widened; Pericardial rupture/aortic valve insufficiency - cardiac shadow enlargement; Breaking into the chest - pleural effusion

CT: Plain scan - aortic intima calcification moves inward, false lumen and true lumen have different densities Enhancement - the aorta has double lumen and intima; the true lumen is narrow and the imaging density is high; the false lumen is large and the imaging density is light;

Pulmonary artery thrombosis - filling defect, luminal stenosis

Pulmonary artery branches are missing, uneven in thickness, irregular in course, and uninvolved blood vessels are thickened

Involvement of small peripheral branches, defective lung parenchyma, filling of pulmonary artery branches, and delayed emptying

Direct signs: filling defect in the pulmonary artery cavity; Acute/subacute thrombus - free in the lumen; Chronic thrombosis - mural organized thrombus, lumen occlusion, distal vascular atrophy

Indirect signs: The main pulmonary artery is widened and the right atrium and ventricle are enlarged; "Mosaic" sign (uneven blood perfusion in affected pulmonary lobes); Pulmonary artery branch sparse vessel shadow, pulmonary infarction, consolidation, pleural effusion