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A Brief History of Chinese Philosophy
Mind map of "A Brief History of Chinese Philosophy" (written by Feng Youlan) with a Douban rating of 9.4.
Edited at 2024-04-18 18:13:25
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A Brief History of Chinese Philosophy
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- Outline
A brief history of Chinese philosophy (Feng Youlan)
The spirit of Chinese philosophy
Issues and Spirit of Chinese Philosophy
Combining being out of the world and joining the world into a unified proposition, solving this problem is the spirit of Chinese philosophy
A person who completes this unification not only in theory but also in action is a saint.
Pre-Qin period
Confucianism
representative figure
Confucius
basic concepts
1.Correction of name
In social relations, king, minister, father and son are all names of social relations, and each name contains certain responsibilities and obligations.
2. Righteousness
Those who bear the "name" must fulfill their responsibilities and obligations accordingly because it is morally right to do these things
3.Benevolence
The specific essence of these obligations is "loving others", which is "benevolence"
4. Implementation method
Loyal
Respect oneself and others
Forgive
Do unto others, do not impose on others
5.Results
"Doing nothing"
The value of doing these things lies in the doing itself, not in the external results.
A single-minded effort to do what we know we should do, regardless of success or failure
Know fate
Recognize the necessity of the original existence of the world
As a result, we will never worry about gains and losses, and therefore we will always be happy
"You can't be a gentleman if you don't know your fate."
6.Development
From moral values to supermoral values
"When I am ten, I am determined to learn. When I am thirty, I am established. At forty, I am not confused. At fifty, I know the destiny. At sixty, my ears are attuned. At seventy, I follow my heart's desires and do not exceed the rules."
Mencius
basic concepts
Human nature is good
There are various good elements in human nature, and there are also other elements. There is no good or evil in itself. If not properly controlled, it will lead to evil.
four ends
Compassion is the essence of benevolence
The heart of shame is the root of righteousness
The heart of resignation is the principle of etiquette
The heart of right and wrong, the root of wisdom
intrinsic
country origin
"The people are the most valuable, the country is the second most important, and the king is the most important."
There are two ways of governing
"King" way
Practice loyalty and forgiveness
According to Confucius, loyalty and forgiveness are only the way of "inner sage". Mencius expanded, loyalty and forgiveness became the way of the "foreign king"
The most important economic foundation of Wangdao lies in the equal distribution of land
Well field system
"overbearing
coercion by violence
Awesome spirit
Way
"Know"
Tao is the way to improve spiritual realm
"Jiyi"
Always do what a "Celestial Citizen" should do in the universe
mysticism
The universe is essentially a moral universe. Man's moral principles are also the metaphysical principles of the universe, and human nature exemplifies these principles
Xunzi
basic concepts
General point
All good and valuable things are the product of human efforts. Value comes from culture, and culture is human creation.
Theory of evil nature
Anything without education cannot be good
origin of morality
origin of goodness
The need for mutual cooperation requires that people must have social organizations
With social organizations, there is a need for norms of behavior
present
Acting in accordance with etiquette is moral
People should have social relations and etiquette, because only they make people different from animals
Music is a tool for moral education
theory of knowledge
Know
All human cognitive abilities
facial features
The Heavenly Official accepts the impression
Heart
The mind interprets impressions and gives them meaning
wisdom
Cognition ability is consistent with external objects
name
Co-names are the product of the integrative process of our reasoning
Aliases are the product of the analysis process
classics
present
"Etiquette"
Records of various ceremonial procedures performed at that time
"Book of Rites"
Confucian interpretation of these ceremonies
"Moderate"
middle
concept
Neither too much nor too little
effect
and
Reconciling differences to achieve harmonious unity
mediocre
concept
ordinary or ordinary
Mingcheng
Once you fully understand these meanings, you can participate in the relationship between heaven and earth.
Just do ordinary, ordinary things, do them just right, and understand their full significance
In this way one can achieve transcendence while still being in the world
"University"
Mingmingde
Slim fit
Mohist
representative figure
Mozi
basic concepts
universal love
Everyone in the world should love everyone else equally and without distinction
First, distinguish between what he calls "concurrent" and "different"
Kaneshi
A person who insists on universal love
Bieshi
Keep loving people with differences
Use the "Three Tables" to judge the difference between the two
A person with foundation
Examine the ambitions of heaven and ghosts and the affairs of the Holy King
Those with original intentions
Go down to the plains and observe the reality of the people's ears and eyes.
Useful person
Think about criminal administration and consider the interests of the people of the country and the people
Mozi's standard for judging all values
origin of country
Source of authority for the monarch
The will of the people and the will of the Emperor
People accept such authority not because they choose it, but because they have no choice
The state must be totalitarian and the monarch's authority must be absolute
classics
"Mo Jing"
basic concepts
theory of knowledge
People have cognitive abilities
To have knowledge, the ability to recognize must also be in contact with the object of recognition
knowledge source
From personal experience of those who know it
Teaching from an authoritative source
knowledge from inference
Knowledge classification
knowledge of names
Da Ming
"thing" is a common name, and all "real things" must use this name
Class name
"Horse" is a class name, and all "real" objects of this class must use this name.
private name
"Zang" (personal name) is a private name, this name can only be used for this "real" name
real knowledge
relevant knowledge
behavioral knowledge
logic
"Therefore"
Big story
What modern logic calls “necessary causes”
anecdote
What modern logic calls “necessary and sufficient causes”
reasoning method
"or"
special proposition
"Exhaust"
full name proposition
"Fake"
hypothetical proposition
"Pi (for example)"
explain one thing by another
"徔"
Systematically and exhaustively compare the two series of questions
"aid"
"You can do this, why can't I do this?"
"effect"
deduction
"push"
Induction
moralist
Point of departure
Avoid harm throughout life
The pre-Qin Taoists were all for me. It was only later developments that caused this kind of self-interest to go to the opposite direction and cancel itself.
representative figure
The first stage
Yang Zhu
basic concepts
for me
Rebirth of light things
"Escape" means escaping from the world and taking refuge in the mountains and forests.
second stage
Lao Tzu
basic concepts
road
Tao is a nameless name
He who is the source of all things
virtue
Every individual thing receives something from the universal Tao
Virtue is the reason why all things are all things
"The opposite is the movement of the Tao"
"often"
Something that never changes, or something that can be considered a rule
"Misfortune lies where blessings depend, and blessing lies where misfortune lies."
Everything must be reversed
"attack the bright"
If you want to get something, start from the opposite side
"Inaction"
necessary
It is necessary to achieve a certain purpose and must not be excessive.
Nature
Act according to personal virtue and do not make efforts beyond the limit
“There is no greater disaster than not being satisfied, and no greater fault than desire.”
The third phase
Zhuangzi
basic concepts
relatively happy
The free development of our natural nature (virtue) can bring us a kind of relative happiness
This performance is hindered by many circumstances, such as death, disease, old age. It is a kind of limited happiness
absolute happiness
Have a higher level of understanding of the natural nature of things, unaffected by changes in the world
"same"
The saint and the Tao are one, inaction and namelessness
theory of knowledge
The concepts of right and wrong are based on each person's own limited point of view.
Opinions are all relative
"Shine it in the sky"
Seeing things from a beyond-limited perspective, the Tao perspective
"abandon knowledge"
The Taoist method of seeking the "inner sage"
Forget the differences between things, only the chaotic whole "big one" remains
"Knowing without knowing"
Onmyojia
technique
astronomical
Calendar
five elements
"Hong Fan"
metal wood water fire earth
"Concubine"
Rain, sunshine, heat, cold, wind
The human world and the natural world are interrelated, and the evil behavior of the monarch leads to the occurrence of abnormal phenomena in the natural world.
Theory of induction between heaven and man
"Moon Order"
gold
The west
autumn
Wood
East
spring
water
north
winter
fire
south
summer
earth
Earth is the center of the five elements, so it occupies the center of the four directions in terms of orientation, and it occupies the turn of summer and autumn in terms of seasons.
Explained the structure of the universe
Yarrow turtle
筮
Use the stems of yarrow according to certain procedures to get a certain number combination, and then look up the "Book of Changes" to explain it and determine the good or bad luck.
predict
A circular depression is drilled into the smooth tortoise shell or animal bone, and then burned with fire. Cracks appeared around the drilled area. According to these cracks. It is said that you can know the good or bad luck of the thing you ask.
Miscellaneous account
Divination techniques other than divination
Form method
physiognomy
Feng Shui Alchemy
Man is a product of the universe. Therefore, one's residence and burial place must be arranged in harmony with the natural forces, that is, Feng Shui.
representative figure
Zou Yan
The five elements complement each other in a certain order.
classics
"Yi Zhuan"
The hexagrams and lines of the sixty-four hexagrams
A connected line is the symbol of yang, and a broken line is the symbol of yin.
Qian Gua and Kun Gua are purely composed of connected and broken lines respectively, so they are examples of Yang and Yin.
The remaining six hexagrams are assumed to be born from the intersection of Qian and Kun.
Explained the origin of the universe
famous person
The spirit of a famous person
Only focus on "name" and not on "reality"
representative figure
Gongsun Long
basic concepts
"hard white"
Emphasis on the fact that names are unchanging and absolute
Huishi
basic concepts
"Nothing thick"
Emphasis on the fact that actual things are changeable and relative
The significance of famous scholars’ theories
By analyzing names and the relationship or difference between names and reality, we discovered a world called "beyond image" in Chinese philosophy.
It was left to the Taoists to make full use of the famous scholars' discovery of the world beyond images. Taoism is the opponent of famous schools and the true successors of famous schools.
Legalism
social background
What the princes of various countries need is not an ideal program of benevolent government for the people, but a realistic method of how to deal with the new situations their governments face.
Legalism talks about the theories and methods of organization and leadership
totalitarianism
statecraft
legislation
"Following the name and fulfilling the responsibilities"
"Shi", Legalists refer to people who hold government positions; "Ming" is the title of these people
Obliging a person holding a certain position to do everything that the position should ideally do
representative figure
Han Fei
potential
power, authority
be careful
Law
law, legal system
Shang Yang
technique
Doing things, using people’s methods and art
Shen Buhai
Politician
miscellaneous family
farmhouse
novelist
Han Dynasty
Confucianism
political and social background
Early Han Dynasty
Legalism became the scapegoat for the Qin Dynasty's harsh rule, and Confucianism and Taoism benefited the most.
Taoist philosophy just met the needs of the rulers of the early Han Dynasty
To enable the country to recover after a long and all-consuming war
After recovery
Confucianism
Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu
Declared Confucianism as the official doctrine of the country, in which the Six Classics occupies a dominant position
faction
ancient literature school
Claims to own the scriptures that were secretly hidden before the "Qin Fire" burned the books, written in ancient characters
It may be a continuation of the Pre-Qin Confucian Realism (Xunzi)
Yang Xiong
"Tai Xuan"
To a large extent, it is full of the idea of "rebellion is the movement of Tao" - "Laozi" and "Book of Changes"
Wang Chong
"On Balance"
With amazing scientific skepticism, he opposed idolatry
It paved the way for the revival of Taoism in the next century
The Ancient Literature School eliminated the Yin-Yang elements in Confucianism. These elements were later mixed with Taoism to form a new type of miscellaneous school called Taoism.
Jinwen school
The scriptures used were written in the font popular in the Han Dynasty
It may be a continuation of the Confucian idealism of the pre-Qin period (Mencius)
Dong Zhongshu
examination system
This system was first initiated by Dong Zhongshu. What is more significant is that he advocated using Confucian classics as the basis for these examinations.
Provide theoretical basis for the new political and social order at that time
Combine the metaphysical basis mainly derived from Yin Yang School with the political and social philosophy mainly derived from Confucianism
cosmogenesis
Yin and Yang, the combination of Five Elements theory
"Heaven, earth, and man are the foundation of all things. They are born, nourished by the earth, and made by man."
Theory of Human Nature
Emphasis on the role of human beings and education. Only education can make people equal to heaven and earth.
He does not believe that man's nature is already evil. Goodness is the continuation of nature, not its reversal
social ethics doctrine
three cardinal principles
The king guides the minister
Husband guides wife
Father is the guide for son
Wuchang
Benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and trust
The king is ordered by heaven
Southern and Northern Dynasties period
New Taoism
basic concepts
The new Taoists studied Hui Shi and Gongsun Long and combined their metaphysics with their so-called Ming and Li, which is called "Defense of Ming and Li"
At least a large number of new Taoists still believe that Confucius is the greatest sage
A person should live according to his own reason or impulse, and should not follow the customs and morals of the time.
faction
Advocate
"Zhuangzi Notes"
"Tao" is the real "nothing"
Heaven is the general name of all things, so it is the totality of all existence
Pre-Qin Taoists said that Tao generates all things, which means that all things arise from themselves.
"Independence"
All things were not created by any creator, but there is no relationship between things. Relationships exist and these relationships are necessary
Oppose outdated systems and morals
When the social situation changes, new systems and morals emerge on their own. Let them develop on their own, which is to follow heaven and nature, and to do nothing.
Emphasis on living in compliance with reason
Knowledge
Zhuangzi was born Zhuangzi, he just let nature take its course and had no knowledge
Only those who imitate have knowledge
Imitation is useless, fruitless and harmful
The only reasonable way of life is "Let me", that is, practice "inaction"
"Equality" - all things are equal
Enjoy absolute freedom and absolute happiness
sentimentalists
Chapter "Yang Zhu" of Liezi
Emphasis on giving birth to impulse
"Fengliu" comes from "nature", "nature" is opposed to "famous religion", and "famous religion" is the classical tradition of Confucianism
Buddhism
basic concepts
Industry
Including what a sentient being says and thinks, they are all expressions of the heart, and the result is the retribution of karma.
Karma is the cause, and retribution is the result. This series of karma is the "reincarnation of life and death."
Originating from a person's fundamental ignorance of the nature of things, that is, "ignorance"
The main source of suffering for all sentient beings
All things in the universe are manifestations of the mind, so they are illusory and temporary, but ignorant individuals still crave them and are obsessed with them.
Transcendence
Replace "ignorance" with enlightenment, that is, "Bodhi"
In the process of multiple rebirths, an individual can accumulate the karma of no longer coveting anything and being able to avoid covetousness.
"Nirvana"
The identity of the heart of the individual and the universe
By negating everything, including negating this "negating everything", you can reach the same state in Zhuangzi's philosophy, that is, forgetting everything, including this "forgetting everything"
Mahayana Buddhism
Xing (Heart) Sect
Middle Way (empty) Sect
Two Truths
Principles with ordinary meaning, that is, "conventional truth"
Principles with high-level meanings, that is, "truth"
Master Jizang
Three levels of "Two Truths"
layer
Saying that all things exist is the common truth
Saying that all things are "nothing" is the true meaning
Second floor
Everything is "existence" or "nothing", the common truth
Understand that all things are neither existence nor non-existence, the true meaning
"Being" is at the same time "nothing"
concretize
third floor
Everything is neither existent nor non-existent because it is not one-sided, which means making a distinction, and the distinction itself is one-sided, the common truth
All things are neither existence nor non-existence, but neither existence nor non-existence; the middle way is neither one-sided nor non-one-sided, the true meaning
concretize
Kumarajiva
disciple
Seng Zhao
"Zhao Lun"
The theory of things not moving
Everything is changing every moment. Anything that exists at any given moment is actually something new at that moment, not the same thing that existed in the past.
no vacuum theory
Prajna Ignorance Theory
Holy wisdom is to know "nothing", which is "beyond image" and has no nature, so "nothing" cannot be the object of knowledge at all. To know "nothing", it can only be the same as "nothing"
nirvana
Nirvana and Prajna are two aspects of the same thing. Just as Nirvana is not something that can be known, Prajna is the knowledge of the unknown
Tao Sheng
Good deeds are not rewarded
"Hongming Collection"
Apply the Taoist concepts of “inaction” and “intentionlessness” to metaphysics
Wuwei does not mean doing nothing, but doing something without intention.
Enlightenment and Buddhahood
"The Debate"
Cultivation is just a kind of preparation, and it is not enough in itself to make a person become a Buddha. Becoming a Buddha is a momentary activity.
Becoming a Buddha = the same as "nothing". "Nothing" itself is not a "thing", so you can't cultivate part of it today and another part tomorrow. If anything is missing, it is not the same.
All living beings are Buddhas, and they all attain Nirvana.
Every sentient creature has Buddha nature, but they just don’t know that they have Buddha nature.
Ignorance
First realize your own Buddha-nature, and then "see" your own Buddha-nature through study and practice
epiphany
Anyone who opposes Buddhism can become a Buddha.
The theory that Buddha has no "Pure Land"
Speaking of reaching the other shore: If you have reached the other shore, you have not yet arrived. Not yet, not yet, is the true arrival. Life and death on this shore, Nirvana on the other shore
If you see the Buddha, you have not seen the Buddha. Not seeing the Buddha, but seeing the Buddha’s ears
Zen
Northern Sect (biased Sect)
Shenxiu
Southern Sect (leaning towards Kong Sect)
Huineng
First meaning
Unspeakable
Equivalent to the third level of truth of Kongzong
From this point of view, all Buddhist scriptures have no real connection with the First Meaning
The best way to practice is not to do any practice
Tang Dynasty
The Beginning of New Confucianism
representative figure
Han Yu (768-824) and Li Ao (died around 844)
Source of thought
Confucianism itself
Buddhism, Taoism mediated by Zen Buddhism
Taoist Yin-Yang theory of cosmogenesis
Song Dynasty
Neo-Confucianism
basic concepts
cosmogenesis
Zhou Dunyi, Mr. Lianxi (1017—1073)
"Tai Chi Pictures"
The development of the concept of "Yi has Tai Chi, which generates two rituals, two rituals generate four images, and four images generate Bagua"
"Almanac"
"Lord Quiet"
The state of "desireless"
Born naturally, done naturally
Shao Yong, Mr. Kangjie (1011—1077)
"Emperor's Classics"
Zhang Zai, Mr. Hengqu (1020—1077)
"Zhengmeng"
Special emphasis on the concept of "qi"
Physical matter, all existing individual objects, are made of it
Taixu is not an absolute vacuum; it is just a state where the energy is dispersed and can no longer be seen.
"Xi Ming"
All things are one
Saint's Joy
Strive to find happiness in famous religions
The best combination of Chinese Romanticism (Fengliu) and Chinese Classicism (Mingjiao)
main schools
Cheng Zhu Neo-Confucianism
basic concepts
There are different types of things because they follow different principles when gathering Qi.
"Yi Zhuan" "What is metaphysical is called the Tao, and what is metaphysical is called the weapon."
"Li" is the "metaphysical" "Tao", which can also be said to be "abstract"
"Qi" refers to individual things, which are "physical" or "concrete".
Cheng Yi, Mr. Yichuan (1033—1108)
"Cultivating yourself requires respect, and learning requires knowledge."
Zhu Xi (1130-1200)
basic concepts
reason
Metaphysically, this is the principle of being formless and shadowless. The physical thing, the thing with feelings and shapes is this tool.
Not all types of things have minds, that is, emotions; but all things have their own special nature, that is, rationality.
Tai Chi
It includes the sum of the principles of all things and is the highest summary of the principles of all things.
At the same time, Tai Chi is also included in every special thing
"If you speak of it in heaven and earth, then there is Tai Chi in heaven and earth; if you speak of it in all things, then there will be Tai Chi in all things."
Just like God in Aristotle's philosophy, he is immovable but at the same time the promoter of everything.
gas
Any individual thing is not only a condensation of Qi, but also a condensation according to the principle of the whole such thing.
human nature
A person, in addition to being endowed with reason, is also endowed with Qi
"Qi"
Principles are the same for all people; Qi makes people different
Nature is reason
The heart and nature are different. The spiritual place is just the heart, not the nature. Sex is just reason
There are actually two worlds, one is abstract and the other is concrete
Mind is concrete, nature is abstract. The mind can have activities, such as thoughts and feelings, but the sex cannot
political philosophy
The country has its own principles
If it is governed in accordance with the principles of the state, it will inevitably be stable and prosperous; if it is not governed in accordance with the principles of the state, it will inevitably collapse and fall into chaos.
Governance since the Han and Tang dynasties has been domineering, because their rulers ruled for their own interests rather than the interests of the people.
spiritual cultivation
"To know"
"To" our "knowledge" of eternal principles
"Use respect"
Only by constantly thinking about enlightenment can you achieve enlightenment in one day
evaluate
The philosophical system of the Cheng-Zhu School reached its peak
In 1313, the "Four Books" were used as the main subject of the national examination, and Zhu's Notes were used as the official explanation.
Lu Wang Xin Xue
Cheng Hao, Mr. Mingdao (1032—1085)
The main characteristics of benevolence
Be one with all things
"Act with sincerity and respect"
Don't associate emotions with self
Although the saint has feelings, he is not tired
The joy and anger of a sage are caused by the corresponding emotions in his heart that are caused by things that make him happy or angry in the outside world.
It's just an objective phenomenon in the universe and has no special connection with his self.
As long as the object disappears, the emotion it caused also disappears
Lu Jiuyuan, Mr. Xiangshan (1139-1193)
Heart is reason
The universe is my heart, my heart is the universe
There is only one world, and it is mind (personal mind) or "mind" (universal mind)
Ming Dynasty
Lu Wang Xin Xue
Wang Shouren, Mr. Yangming (1473-1529)
universe concept
The universe is a spiritual whole, in which there is only one world, which is the concrete actual world that we experience.
Heart is reason
If there is no heart, there is no reason
spiritual cultivation
"Mingde"
The nature of my heart
To conscience
Everyone has the potential to be a saint. He may become a practical saint if he only follows the dictates of his conscience
Check things
Conscience must be developed through daily experience in dealing with ordinary matters
Qing Dynasty
sinology
Jinwen school
Kang Youwei
What he advocates is not the adoption of new Western culture, but the implementation of the true teachings of Confucius in ancient China
ancient literature school
Song Studies (New Confucianism)
The introduction of Western ideas
Yan Fu (1853-1920)
Wang Guowei (1877-1927)
fundamental differences
Confucianism and Mohism
Confucianism
Advocating that there are differences in love
Ren is naturally developed from within human nature
The state exists because it should exist
Mohist
Advocating for love without distinction
Universal love is artificially attached to people from the outside
The state exists because it is useful
Confucianism and Taoism
Confucianism
The Tao in "Yi Zhuan" is "many", they are the principles that govern every single category of all things in the universe.
Taoist
The "Tao" of Taoism is the original "one" of unity, from which all things in the universe are born.
Taoism and Legalism
Taoist
People are completely naive
Advocate for absolute personal freedom
Legalism
People are completely evil
advocates absolute social control