MindMap Gallery Apicomplexa - Sarcocystidae - Toxoplasma gondii - IVD Development Tools
Introduction to Apicomplexa - Sarcocystidae - Toxoplasma gondii, IVD tool, including morphology, life history, Epidemiology, laboratory examination, clinical manifestations, Insect body protein, etc.
Edited at 2024-02-10 20:36:22Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
Toxoplasma gondii Toxoplasma gondii
form
trophozoite
Bradyzoite cyst (chronic stage - when immune function is normal): can survive in tissues for a long time; contains 10 to thousands of bradyzoites: has diagnostic value
Tachyzoite pseudocyst (acute phase - rapid proliferation when immune function is low): a collection of several or dozens of tachyzoites lacking a cyst wall (only surrounded by the host macrophage membrane) is called a pseudocyst Cysts: diagnostic value
egg sac
Only terminal hosts exist: cats and felines
Each oocyst contains 2 sporangia, and each sporangium contains 4 crescent-shaped sporozoites
life history
terminal host
Intermediate host
Swallow cysts/pseudocysts/oocysts, escape bradyzoites/tachyzoites/sporozoites in the small intestine, invade the small intestinal wall, and enter mononuclear macrophages through blood or lymph to parasitize
And spread to various tissues and organs throughout the body (brain, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, muscles, etc.)
Enters nucleated tissue cells (all cells except RBC) to form pseudocysts by binary fission or internal budding proliferation
When they proliferate to a certain number, the tissue cells explode, the cell membrane ruptures, and the tachyzoites invade other tissue cells.
When immune function is normal: some tachyzoites invade host cells, especially brain, eye, skeletal muscle and other tissues, slow down their proliferation and secrete cystic substances to form cysts. Cysts can survive in the host for months/years or longer
When the immune function is low: it can induce the development and rupture of cysts, release bradyzoites, enter the blood and infiltrate into other tissue cells to form pseudocysts, and continue to develop and proliferate.
Epidemiology
Transmission (infection) route
Swallow cysts/pseudocysts/oocysts, escape bradyzoites/tachyzoites/sporozoites in the small intestine, invade the small intestinal epithelial cells, develop and proliferate, and form schizonts
After the schizont matures, it releases merozoites, which then invade other intestinal epithelial cells to form daughter schizonts.
Can also propagate asexually in feline extraintestinal tissues
After several generations, some merozoites develop into male and female gametophytes, and then continue to develop into female/male gametes.
The male and female gametes are fertilized and become zygotes, which continue to develop and form oocysts, which escape from the epithelial cells into the intestinal lumen and are excreted with feces.
Under appropriate conditions in vitro, it takes 2-4 days to develop into an infectious mature oocyst.
Accidentally ingesting food and drinking water contaminated with oocysts
Ingestion of raw or undercooked meat containing cysts or pseudo-cysts
transplacental infection
Damaged skin, blood transfusion, organ transplant, etc.
Susceptible groups
Humans are generally susceptible; people who raise or come into contact with cats, slaughter workers
People with low immune function are susceptible (fetuses, infants and young children)
Regional Differences
China: 2001~2004: Serum antibody positivity rate is 0.79-16.81%, showing an upward trend with age
United States: 15% to 20% of the American population has this infectio
Pakistan: The highest record, 93%, is found in Parisian females who eat undercooked or raw meat, and 50% of cases are seen in their children.
Standards/Guidelines
NIFDC
230023-202102-TOXO IgG antibody, V1.0, LOD<=5IU/ml
NIBSC
1) 13132-WHO 4th IS for Antibodies to Toxo, V6.0, 20200116, 160 IU/amp 2) 01600-WHO IS Anti-Toxo IgG, V7.0, 20140123, 20IU/amp 3) 16B695-IgM Anti-Toxo QC Reagent 1, V4.0, 20191029 4) 17B710-Anti-Toxo QC Reagent, V2.0, 20220720 5) 09B588-Anti-Toxo QC Reagent Sample 1, V3.0, 20131220
Chinese standard
2015 Diagnostic Criteria for Toxoplasma Gondii (WST 486-2015)
2020-Expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and treatment of AIDS combined with Toxoplasma encephalitis
2019-Expert Consensus on Preconception TORCH Screening
Other national standards
2019 French multidisciplinary recommendations: Diagnosis and treatment of maternal, infant and congenital toxoplasmosis
2023 Working Group on Obstetrics and Antenatal Medicine Recommendations: Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy (Germany)
worm protein
acute phase
P22 (SAG2), P35
Chronic phase
P43 (SAG3), P23 (SAG2B)
acute/chronic phase
P30 (SAG1), P18 (SAG4), ROP2 (rod protein), GRA7 (tachyzoite dense granule protein), ESA (secreted antigen, tapeworm immunity)
parasitemia
MIC (Microneme protei)
clinical manifestations
congenital
Infections during pregnancy: fetal disease
Early pregnancy (within 3 months): The condition is severe
Second/late pregnancy: Fetal infection rate is higher, but most are latent infections, and survivors often have congenital birth defects
Infection before pregnancy: the cyst form is less likely to be transmitted to the fetus
Acquisition
Most of them are latent infections: oocysts can parasitize in the CNS or striated muscles for a long time. Most of them have no obvious clinical symptoms and weight, and only the pathogenic test is positive.
When immune function is low, it can turn into acute infection
swollen lymph nodes
Encephalopathy: encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, epilepsy, mental disorder, etc. Headache, dizziness, myalgia, lymphadenopathy, etc. may occur. Toxoplasma tachyzoites can be detected in CSF.
Eye disease: Recurrent, localized, necrotizing retinochoroiditis
Liver disease: destruction of liver cells causing inflammatory infiltration and local necrosis of liver parenchyma
myopericarditis
Pneumonia: Lung lesions are often combined with CMV and bacterial infections, manifesting as interstitial (diffuse interstitial fibrosis lung inflammation) and lobular pneumonia (bronchopneumonia)
laboratory tests
Antibody
IgM
IgM titer <1:16 = shows no exposure to the virus. IgM titer >1:4 to 1:256 = acquired infection in last 18 months. IgM >1: 1024 = Acquired infection in last 4 months.
IgG
IgG starts falling slowly by 6 months. While low titers of IgG persist for many years. The anti-nuclear antibody may produce a false positive result.
Blood and other body fluids
IgG
antigen
circulating antigen CAg
serum
nucleic acid
etiology
False cyst detected under microscope
Peripheral blood (outside the spinal cord), CSF, aqueous humor, pleural effusion, ascites, amniotic fluid, etc.
animal vaccination
Aseptically inoculate mice intraperitoneally