Contributions: Child Psychoanalysis.

Contribution: Object relations theory.

Contributions: Self Psychology.

Wilfredo Beorn, Donald Winnicott, etc. have each developed and deepened their theories and treatment methods.

Focus: The impact of interpersonal relationships on individual psychological development.

Focus: The process of self-development and self-identity.

Focus: Child psychological development and therapy.

Definition: A branch of psychology that emphasizes social connections and the individual's pursuit of success or superiority.

Goal: Understand the underlying motivations of human behavior and how individuals strive to overcome disadvantages.

Sense of Inadequacy: A feeling experienced by all humans arising from an individual's perception of their own inadequacies.

Compensation: Behavior by which an individual attempts to overcome or make up for the feeling of disadvantage.

Lifestyle: An individual's unique behavior and thinking patterns, formed in early childhood.

Social interest: An individual's concern and participation in social welfare, which Adler believes is the core of healthy psychology.

Family structure: The impact of position and relationships in the family on individual psychological development.

Sense of merit: The sense of satisfaction gained by contributing to society is crucial to individual development.

Mental health: achieved through meaningful social contribution and overcoming feelings of disadvantage.

Psychological disorders: Result from an individual's inability to adequately compensate for feelings of inferiority or lack of social interest.

Encouragement techniques: Enhance individual self-esteem and self-confidence through encouragement.

Family Counseling: Addresses issues in the family structure and promotes healthier interactions.

Social interest cultivation: Help individuals develop interest in and participation in society.

Education: Emphasizes the role of encouragement and social interest in student development.

The workplace: Promoting the importance of teamwork and social contribution.

Social Reform: Promoting more just and supportive social structures.

Definition: A branch of psychology that explores the relationship between the conscious and subconscious minds.

Goal: Understand the underlying causes of individual behavior and psychological development.

Personal subconscious mind: Contains memories and thoughts that have been suppressed or ignored by the individual.

Collective subconscious: Contains the memories and experiences shared by humans, expressed through myths, dreams, etc.

Ego: The center of consciousness, an individual’s understanding of himself and the outside world.

Personality archetypes: Universal symbols and images in the collective subconscious, such as heroes, shadows, animals, etc.

thinking type

Feeling type

Intuitive

Emotional

These types help understand how individuals process information and make decisions.

The process of individuation: the individual becomes his or her own unique self, integrating the conscious and subconscious minds.

Shadow work: Confronting and integrating negative elements in one’s subconscious mind.

Self-actualization: Reaching one's highest potential, usually occurring late in the individuation process.

Dream Analysis: Understand the subconscious mind by analyzing dreams.

Active Imagination: Using imagination and creative expression to explore and integrate subconscious content.

Individual therapy: Helps individuals identify and integrate different aspects of personality.

Influence on subsequent psychological theories: Jung's theory had a profound impact on depth psychology, humanistic psychology and other fields.

Application in the field of culture and art: Jung's concepts are widely cited and discussed in literature, art, film and other fields.

development line

Theoretical focus

defense mechanism

clinical psychology

developmental psychology

Insights into understanding human psychological development.

A variety of treatments and interventions are available.

Definition: A theory that explains how individuals cope with anxiety through different personality patterns.

Goal: Understand the dynamics of neurosis and pathways of personality development.

Basic anxiety: derived from a discordant relationship between the individual and the environment, especially in early family life.

Neurotic Needs: Individuals attempt to cope with basic anxiety through these needs, which are often unrealistic or overemphasized.

Turning toward people: Coping with anxiety by seeking love and approval.

Detach from people: Protect yourself by avoiding conflict and alienation.

Resistance: Combating anxiety by demonstrating strength and dominance.

Self-actualization: True self-growth and development, the key to combating the development of neurosis.

True self and false self: The individual’s true self and the superficial self formed in response to social pressure.

Psychoanalysis: Exploring early experiences and subconscious motivations to understand their impact on current behavior.

Self-analysis: Individuals learn to identify and understand their own behavioral patterns and the motivations behind them.

Interpersonal Therapy: Improve interpersonal skills, reduce anxiety and enhance quality of life.

Contribution to subsequent psychotherapy: Horney's theory emphasizes the role of sociocultural factors and interpersonal relationships in individual psychological development.

Psychology of Women: Horney's contribution to the psychology of women, particularly in exploring the impact of gender roles on individual development.

Definition: Emphasis on the impact of interpersonal relationships on individual mental health and development.

Goal: Explain how individuals develop personalities and behavioral patterns through interpersonal interactions.

Interpersonal relationships: interactions and connections between individuals and others.

Self-system: A set of behavioral patterns developed by individuals to avoid anxiety and maintain interpersonal safety.

Security: A psychological state achieved through interpersonal satisfaction and support, key to combating anxiety.

Anxiety: A state of psychological tension resulting from interpersonal disharmony or mismatch of social expectations.

Infancy: The importance of the mother-infant relationship, the formation of basic trust.

Childhood: Learning to role-play, initial development of interpersonal skills.

Adolescents: Identity crisis, seeking approval from peers, complications in interpersonal relationships.

Adulthood: the formation of deep interpersonal relationships and the pursuit of social contribution.

Interpersonal therapy: Treating psychological disorders by improving interpersonal relationships.

Participant Observation: The therapist serves as an active participant and observer, helping the individual understand and improve interpersonal interactions.

Social Psychology: The impact of Sullivan's theory on understanding group behavior and social structure.

Educational Psychology: Emphasizes the importance of healthy interpersonal relationships between teachers and students.

Organizational Psychology: Promoting effective interpersonal communication and teamwork in the workplace.

Emphasis on the role of interpersonal relationships in psychological development.

Provides an interpersonal framework for understanding and treating psychological disorders.

Definition: Emphasis on the impact of interpersonal relationships on individual mental health and development.

Goal: Explain how individuals develop personalities and behavioral patterns through interpersonal interactions.

Interpersonal relationships: interactions and connections between individuals and others.

Self-system: A set of behavioral patterns developed by individuals to avoid anxiety and maintain interpersonal safety.

Security: A psychological state achieved through interpersonal satisfaction and support, key to combating anxiety.

Anxiety: A state of psychological tension resulting from interpersonal disharmony or mismatch of social expectations.

Infancy: The importance of the mother-infant relationship, the formation of basic trust.

Childhood: Learning to role-play, initial development of interpersonal skills.

Adolescents: Identity crisis, seeking approval from peers, complications in interpersonal relationships.

Adulthood: the formation of deep interpersonal relationships and the pursuit of social contribution.

Interpersonal therapy: Treating psychological disorders by improving interpersonal relationships.

Participant Observation: The therapist serves as an active participant and observer, helping the individual understand and improve interpersonal interactions.

Social Psychology: The impact of Sullivan's theory on understanding group behavior and social structure.

Educational Psychology: Emphasizes the importance of healthy interpersonal relationships between teachers and students.

Organizational Psychology: Promoting effective interpersonal communication and teamwork in the workplace.

Emphasis on the role of interpersonal relationships in psychological development.

Provides an interpersonal framework for understanding and treating psychological disorders.

Definition: A branch of psychology that seeks to explain human psychological development and behavior.

Main concepts

Theoretical focus