MindMap Gallery General Psychology Chapter 7 Thinking
This is a mind map about general psychology. The main contents include: decision-making, problem solving, reasoning, concepts, representations, and general concepts of thinking.
Edited at 2024-02-11 18:13:19Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
7. Thinking
general concept of thinking
Concepts and Characteristics of Thinking
① Generality
②Indirectness
③Reorganization of experience
types of thinking
1. Intuitive action thinking, image thinking and logical thinking
also known as practical thinking
2.Experiential thinking and theoretical thinking
3. Intuitive thinking and analytical thinking
intuitive thinking
directness
Comprehension
Rapidity
jumping
Analytical thinking (logical thinking)
4. Convergent thinking and divergent thinking
convergent thinking
Have direction
There is scope
Organized
divergent thinking
5. Conventional thinking and creative thinking
Conventional thinking (reconstructive thinking)
creative thinking
Appearance
what is appearance
mental representation
type
main sensory channels
①Visual representation
② Auditory image
③Expression of movement
degree of representational creativity
①Memory representation
②Imagine the appearance
Novelty
representational characteristics
①Intuition
children - hallucinations
The difference between representation and perception (3)
② Generality
③operability
mental rotation experiment
Cooper
Letter R
Think figuratively
Brain mechanisms of representation
Do representation and perception have similar brain mechanisms?
resemblance
Agree now
bisak
unilateral spatial neglect
coslin
Positron emission tomography (PET)
perceptual task
Representation task
Ganis
fMRI
different
Moreau
temporal lobe of left hemisphere
The role of representation in thinking
1. Representation provides a perceptual basis for the formation of concepts.
2. Representation promotes problem solving
concept
the most basic unit of thinking
The meaning and types of concepts
concept meaning
connotation and denotation
①Superior concept
②Basic concepts
easiest to activate in the mind
③Subordinate concept
Types of concepts
Reflect the number of attributes of things and their interrelationships
①Conjunctive concept
Indispensable
②Disjunctive concept
Single or multiple attributes
③Relationship concept
interrelationship
the naturalness of formation
①Natural concept
②artificial concept
Experimental study of concept formation
An experimental study of artificial concept formation
To illustrate the formation of the concept of nature
Hull
paired learning
Radicals of Chinese characters
nonsense syllables
Bruner
Picture selection
Ways of Artificial Concept Formation
1. Hypothesis testing
Bruner-hypothesis testing theory
2. Sample learning
Rush-sample learning theory
questioning hypothesis testing theory
The formation of natural concepts is mainly based on example learning
theory of conceptual structure
1. Hierarchical network model
search
Collins - Computer Simulations for Speech Understanding
Node
Connect
Hierarchical storage
superior-subordinate relationship
Experimental support
Collins
insufficient
Chen Baoguo
Few types of relationships
2. Activation diffusion model
activation
Collins - proposed based on the hierarchical network model
The length of the connection - the closeness of the concept connection
transfer
semantic priming effect
reasoning
deductive reasoning
1. Syllogism reasoning
Woodworth
Atmosphere effect (premise atmosphere effect)
Easily accept conclusions containing the same logical quantifier
chapman
transposition theory
misinterpreted premise
Johnson-Laird
mental model theory
Hu Zhuqing
In fact, the prefix "fuck" cannot be typed out.
The correctness of the content of the syllogism
2. Linear reasoning (relational reasoning/linear syllogism)
Huttenlocher
Appearance
space series
relative position
3. Conditional reasoning
confirmation tendency
support
Watson-Four Card Selection Assignment
question
Greggs
Relevant to the properties of experimental materials
inductive reasoning
problem solved
problem solving concept
what is problem solving
Newell, Simon
Universal Problem Solver Model
problem space
Type of question
1. Degree of clarity
clearly defined problem
vaguely defined issues
2. Are there any opponents?
adversarial question
non-adversarial questions
3. How much relevant knowledge does the problem solver have?
The problem of poor semantics
semantically rich questions
Problem-solving brain mechanisms
cerebral cortex frontal lobe
prefrontal area
①Dorsal prefrontal lobe
②Ventral prefrontal lobe
Luo Jin
The brain mechanism of insight during problem solving
riddle
Qiu Jiang
problem solving strategies
newell and simon
1. Algorithm strategy
2. Heuristics
①Means-end analysis method
The emergence of "sub-goals" is the means-end analysis method
Tower of Hanoi problem
Sometimes it is necessary to temporarily increase the difference between the target state and the initial state
②Reverse search method
Geometry proof
③Mountain climbing method
"Detours" are a method of climbing a mountain. You cannot retreat, you can only adopt different trials and errors.
Factors affecting problem solving
8.Strategy
1. The role of knowledge and experience in problem solving
①The difference in the amount of knowledge between experts and novices
De Groot
Chase
Chunk
chess
②Differences in knowledge organization methods between experts and novices
Tsai
Physics questions
2. The impact of irrelevant information
3. How the problem is represented
4. Mindset
Set the trend
Lu Qins
Measuring cup experiment
5. Functional fixation
Duke
experience
Functional changes
6. Motivation and emotions
7.Interpersonal relationships
creativity and imagination
what is creativity
psychological components of creativity
1.Imagine
The meaning and functions of imagination
Imagery and novelty
imaginary functions (4)
①Foresight
②Supplement
③Replacement
④Adjustment
imaginary synthesis process
①Adhesion
Zhu Bajie
②Exaggeration (emphasis)
Thousand-Armed Buddha
③Typicalization
The creation of characters in novels
types of imagination
Is it purposeful?
①Intentional imagination
The novelty of the imagined content and the way it is formed differ
①Reimagine
②Create imagination
②Unintentional imagination
2. Convergent thinking and divergent thinking
guildford
①Divergent thinking
main ingredients of creativity
②Convergent thinking
Divergent Generation Test
①Fluency
②Flexibility
non-routine use test
③Uniqueness
"Proposition Test"
④Sensitivity
Not proposed by Guilford
3. Long-distance association ability
Mednik
distant association test
4. Non-intellectual factors related to creativity
decision making
what is decision making
concept
selection process
type
①Certain decision-making
②Risk decision-making
Rational view of decision-making
1. Classical Decision Theory
complete rational capacity
Pursue maximization of personal interests
economic man hypothesis
2. Behavioral Decision Theory
Simon
bounded rationality
satisfaction principle
past experience
study of decision-making processes
1.Expected utility theory
Von Neumann, Morgenstern
Pursue maximization of utility
2. Prospect Theory
Kahneman
Continuing Simon's heuristic research
"Risk aversion" in the face of gain; "Risk preference" in the face of loss
loss aversion
①Representative heuristic
②Accessibility heuristic
③Anchoring and adjusting heuristics
fine-tuning