Macrophages capture, endocytose, and express self or foreign antigens and present them to other immune cells

Significantly stimulate the proliferation of naive T cells to activate quiescent naive T cells in the body

Macrophages: After receiving instruction signals, they are more likely to degrade engulfed cancer cells

Helper T cells: After receiving command signals, they are activated into cytotoxic T cells

Natural killer cells: After receiving command signals, they directly attack cancer cells

Assists humoral and cellular immunity

Th0: non-activated naive CD4 T cells

Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, Tfh, etc.

The main surface marker of helper T cells is CD4. T cells regulate or "help" other lymphocytes to function. They are known target cells for HIV and are drastically reduced during the onset of AIDS

Cytokine release, cell killing, etc.

After antigen stimulation, cells proliferate and differentiate to form cells that can survive for a long time and can mediate re-immunization. However, no very specific surface markers have been found on the surface of memory T cells.

It usually plays an important role in maintaining self-tolerance and preventing excessive immune response from damaging the body. There are many types of regulatory/suppressor T cells, and the most actively studied ones are CD25 and CD4 T cells.

Destroy infected cells. These cells function like a "killer" or cytotoxin in that they kill target cells that produce a specific antigen response. The main surface marker of cytotoxic T cells is CD8, also known as killer T cells.

Primary targets: viral infection and tumor cells

When bacteria invade, neutrophils exude from the capillaries to the inflammatory area under the action of chemotactic substances and use the plasma membrane to engulf the bacteria.

Invading bacteria are enclosed in a local area and eliminated, preventing the spread of pathogenic microorganisms in the body

It can release prostaglandin E and inhibit the synthesis of basophils, and release histamine, leukotrienes and other biologically active substances released by enzymes such as histamine and aromatic sulfatase to inactivate basophils.

microcytosis

thrombus

arterial oxygen saturation

Serum erythropoietin level (EPO)

P50 (oxygen partial pressure when hemoglobin oxygen saturation is 50%)

Four globin polypeptide chains

Four hemes

Within 2 hours after a meal (or injecting glucose); Emotional stress secretes epinephrine (or injecting epinephrine)

Various types of diabetes, chronic pancreatitis, myocardial infarction, hyperthyroidism, hyperadrenaline function, intracranial hemorrhage, etc.

Hungry, strenuous exercise, after insulin injection, pregnancy, breastfeeding and taking hypoglycemic drugs

Islet cell tumor, abnormal glucose metabolism, severe liver disease, hypopituitarism, adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism, long-term malnutrition, excessive insulin injection, etc.