1. The main pigments in chloroplasts include chlorophyll a, b, c and carotenoids.

2. Chlorophyll a and b account for more than 95% of the total chlorophyll content, and carotenoids account for the remainder.

3. The pigment content and proportions in the chloroplasts of different plant species vary.

4. Organic solvents such as absolute ethanol or acetone are used to extract pigments from chloroplasts.

5. Separate pigments. Use chromatography to separate various pigments based on solubility differences.

6. The experimental principle is based on the difference in the ability of pigments in chloroplasts to absorb light at different wavelengths.

1. Absolute ethanol is used as an extraction agent to dissolve the pigments in chloroplasts.

2. Acetone or ethyl acetate is used as a separating agent to separate different pigments in chloroplasts.

3. Chromatography solution, such as 95% ethanol-glacial acetic acid solution, is used to further separate pigments.

4. Use a UV-visible spectrophotometer to detect the absorption spectrum of each pigment.

5. Separate each pigment by paper chromatography and observe its arrangement on the filter paper.

6. Use various pigments to extract and separate the same leaves to verify the repeatability of the experimental results.

Prepare fresh spinach leaves

Grind spinach leaves

Filter the extract

Collect filtrate

Preparation of silicone G thin layer

Spotting

Chromatography

Observation results

1. There are four main pigments in chloroplasts, including chlorophyll a, b, c and lutein.

2. The content of chlorophyll a and b is relatively high, accounting for more than 95% of the total chlorophyll.

3. The content of chlorophyll c is low, but it plays an important role in the photosynthesis process.

4. The content of lutein and carotenoids is relatively low, but it has antioxidant effects.

5. The types and contents of pigments in the chloroplasts of different plant species may vary.

6. Pigment extraction and separation experiments help to understand the distribution of each pigment in chloroplasts.

7. The experimental results can provide a basis for studying the photosynthesis mechanism and ecological adaptation of plants.

8. Through quantitative analysis, the content of each pigment in chloroplasts can be accurately known.

1. Chloroplast pigments are extracted using absolute ethanol as the extraction solution.

2. Use chromatography liquid to separate pigments, including solvents such as petroleum ether, acetone and benzene.

3. The experimental results show that chlorophyll a is located at the top of the filter paper strip.

4. Chlorophyll b and chlorophyll c are distributed in the middle position.

5. Carotene and lutein are orange-yellow and located at the bottom.

6. The experiment successfully proved that pigments in chloroplasts can be separated and detected.

7. This experiment provides valuable data and information for subsequent research.

8. This method can be used to more accurately understand the principles and processes of plant photosynthesis.

9. This experiment can also help optimize agricultural production and improve crop yield and quality.