1. Classification of fats: fats and lipids 2.Physiological functions: Store and supply energy, maintain body temperature and protect internal organs, provide essential fatty acids, and promote the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins 3. Essential fatty acids: Polyunsaturated fatty acids that are necessary to maintain normal physiological functions of the human body and cannot be synthesized in the body and must be provided by food are called essential fatty acids.

1. The composition of plasma lipoproteins: consists of two parts: lipids and proteins (apolipoproteins). 2.CM: Transport exogenous triglycerides and cholesterol VLDL: transports endogenous triglycerides and cholesterol LDL: transports cholesterol to extrahepatic tissues HDL: Reverse transport of cholesterol to the liver 3. The rate-limiting enzyme for fat mobilization: hormone-sensitive triacylglycerol lipase 4. Anti-lipolytic hormones: Insulin and prostaglandin E2 can reduce the activity of this enzyme and inhibit fat mobilization, so they are called anti-lipolytic hormones. 5: Carnitine: It is a specific transport carrier on both sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane 6: Oxidation reaction process: dehydrogenation-adding water-redehydrogenation-thiolysis (part: mitochondrial matrix) 7. Generation of ketone bodies: Ketone bodies are synthesized in the mitochondria of liver cells using acetyl-CoA as raw material. Ketone bodies: Acetoacetate, butyrate, and acetone are called ketone bodies. Key enzyme: HMG COA Ketone production in patients with diabetes: ketoacidosis 8. Transmitter of fatty acid biosynthesis - NADPH 9. Structural components of glycerophospholipids: glycerol, fatty acids, phosphoric acid, nitrogen-containing compounds 10. Lecithin: phosphatidylcholine 11. Main raw materials for cholesterol synthesis: Acetyl CoA, NADPH ➕H 12.HMG CoA reductase is the key enzyme for cholesterol synthesis. 13. Transformation and excretion of cholesterol in the body Converted into bile acids, converted into steroid hormones, converted into vitamin D3, and cholesterol excretion.

1. Protein putrefaction 2. Nitrogen balance: Total nitrogen balance: nitrogen intake and nitrogen output Positive balance of nitrogen: nitrogen intake > nitrogen output Negative nitrogen balance: nitrogen intake < nitrogen output 3. Essential amino acids: Amino acids that are needed by the body but cannot be synthesized in the body and must be supplied by food are called nutritionally essential amino acids. 4.ALT: Liver AST: Heart 5. Combined deamination: transaminase--L-glutamate dehydrogenase 6. Source of ammonia in urea molecule: aspartic acid, free ammonia 7. Urea synthesis: ornithine cycle 8. Sources of ammonia absorbed in the intestine: urea hydrolysis, amino acid deamination 9. The transport form of ammonia in the blood: alanine and glutamine 10.The destination of blood ammonia Synthesis of urea, synthesis of glutamine, other metabolic pathways 11. Severe damage to liver function: It can lead to disorders in urea synthesis, increase blood ammonia concentration, and form hyperammonemia. (Hepatic encephalopathy) 12. The concept of one-carbon unit: During the catabolism process of certain amino acids in the body, an organic group containing one carbon atom is produced, which is called a one-carbon unit. 13. Methyl direct donor—S-adenosylmethionine, methionine cycle 14. The substance produced by decarboxylation of glutamic acid—Gamma-aminobutyric acid 15. Congenital deficiency of phenylalanine titase-phenylketonuria 16.Tyrosine-Melanin

1. De novo synthesis pathway: refers to the use of simple substances such as ribose phosphate, amino acids, one-carbon units, and carbon dioxide as raw materials 2. Purine nucleotide synthesis sites: liver, small intestinal mucosa, thymus 3.PRPP synthase and PRPP amidotransferase are the key enzymes for IMP synthesis. 4. Salvage synthesis is the main pathway for synthesizing nucleotides in certain tissues of the body, such as brain and bone marrow. 5. Synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides: This reduction is catalyzed by ribonucleotide reductase and is performed at the level of nucleoside glycosides. dUMP is catalyzed by thymidylate synthase 6. Uric acid is the end product of purine catabolism in the human body 7. Gout-increased uric acid 8. The decomposition product of thymine is aminoisobutyric acid

1. Biotransformation: refers to the process in which the body undergoes a series of metabolic transformations to change some non-nutritional substances, changing their activity or increasing their polarity, so that they can be easily excreted from the body with bile or urine. 2. Types of biotransformation The first reaction: oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis Second reaction: binding reaction 3. Bile acid is the main component of bile 4. The structure of bile acids can be divided into: free bile acids and conjugated bile acids 5. Bile acids can be divided into primary bile acids (liver cells) and secondary bile acids (intestinal tract) based on their sources. Functions of bile acids 6. Promote the digestion and absorption of lipids, promote the dissolution of cholesterol in bile, and prevent the formation of gallstones.

1. Sugar can be converted into fat, but fat cannot be converted into sugar. 2. The common intermediate metabolite of sugar, lipid and protein is: acetyl coenzyme A 3. Brain: When there is insufficient blood sugar supply due to long-term hunger, it mainly uses ketone bodies produced by the liver. 4. The concept of allosteric regulation: Certain small molecule substances can specifically bind to a part other than the active center of the enzyme protein molecule, causing the conformation of the enzyme protein molecule to change, thereby leading to enzyme activity. This phenomenon is called the allostery of the enzyme. adjust 5. Allosteric effectors bind to regulatory subunits through non-covalent bonds 6. The concept of chemical modification: Certain genes on the peptide chain of enzyme proteins are covalently bonded to other groups or small molecule compounds under the catalysis of different enzymes, or are decovalently bonded in the opposite direction, thereby causing changes in enzyme activity. Change, this adjustment is called chemical modification. 7 Characteristics of chemical modification:

DNA polymerase III is the enzyme that truly catalyzes prokaryotic DNA replication and elongation. 2.DNA ligase: an enzyme that ligates Okazaki fragments 3.Characteristics of RNA transcription Asymmetry Unidirectionality Continuity 4. Characteristics of the genetic code Degeneracy Continuity Directionality Universality Oscillation 5. The small subunit has a site for mRNA attachment 6.Transpeptidase 7. The site of protein biosynthesis—ribosomes Protein biosynthesis process: activation of amino acids, initiation of polypeptide chain synthesis, extension of the peptide chain, termination and release of the peptide chain, and post-synthesis processing and modification of the protein.

Essential fatty acids: Polyunsaturated and fatty acids that are necessary to maintain normal physiological functions of the human body and cannot be synthesized in the body and must be provided by food are called essential fatty acids.