Hardly soluble in water, easily soluble in fats and organic solvents

It coexists with lipids in food and is absorbed together with lipids. It is not easily excreted and is mainly stored in the liver in the body.

Vitamins A, D, E, K, etc.

animal liver

Retinoic acid

retinaldehyde

Retinol

Animal offal (retinyl ester)

Plants: provitamin A (e.g. beta-carotene)

1. Maintain normal visual function (deficiency: night blindness)

2. Retinoic acid regulates gene expression, cell growth and differentiation (deficiency: dry eye disease, dry skin)

3. Vitamin A and carotene are effective antioxidants

4. Vitamin A and its derivatives can inhibit the growth of tumors

Deficiencies: Night blindness, dry eye disease, dry skin

Hyperlipidemia: Poisoning (hepatocellular damage, hyperlipidemia, calcium homeostasis disorder, dry skin, hair loss)

VitD2 (ergocalciferol)

VitD3 (cholecalciferol)

Rich in fish oil, liver and egg yolks

Skin Sun Synthesis (Main Source)

1,25-(OH)2-D3 regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

1,25-(OH)2-D3 affects cell differentiation

Deficiencies: rickets, rickets

Hypertension: Poisoning (unusual thirst, skin itching, hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, hypertension, kidney stones)

Tocopherol

Tocotrienols

Each category is divided into four types: α, β, γ and δ

In vegetable oils, oily seeds and malt

VE is an important fat-soluble antioxidant in the body

VE has the function of regulating gene expression

VE promotes heme synthesis

Deficiency: Mild hemolytic anemia (common in premature neonates)

Excessive disease: not yet discovered

Derivatives of 2-methyl 1,4-naphthoquinone

K1

K2

naturally occurring

K3

K1: Found in dark green vegetables

K2: Synthesized by E. coli

K3: Artificial synthesis

Vitamin K is a coenzyme necessary for the synthesis of clotting factors

Vitamin K plays an important role in bone metabolism

Prone to bleeding and lipid malabsorption (prone to neonates and people taking antibiotics or intestinal bactericidal drugs for a long time)