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pulmonary ventilation

Physiology, Human Health Edition 9, Respiration, easy to understand with pictures, pulmonary ventilation is the gas exchange process between the lungs and the external environment.

Edited at 2024-02-08 16:27:56

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Outline

Physiology Chapter 5 Respiration
- 21
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pulmonary ventilation

1. Principle of pulmonary ventilation

(1) The power of pulmonary ventilation

The pressure difference between alveolar air and the external atmosphere is the direct driving force for lung ventilation.

The rhythmic breathing movement caused by the contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles is the driving force for lung ventilation.

1. Breathing exercises

The main inspiratory muscles are the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, and the main expiratory muscles are the internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles.

(1) The process of breathing movement

During calm breathing, inhale actively and exhale passively.

When breathing hard, take the initiative to inhale and exhale actively

(2) Types of breathing movements

abdominal breathing

Breathing exercise based on diaphragm relaxation and contraction activity

Pregnant women in late pregnancy, patients with huge abdominal masses, ascites, gastrointestinal flatulence or peritoneal inflammation mainly use chest breathing.

chest breathing

Breathing exercise based on contraction and relaxation of external intercostal muscles

Infants and young children mainly breathe abdominally because their ribs are arranged basically perpendicular to the spine, and rib movement does not change the thoracic volume much.

calm breathing

Breathing pattern in which inhalation is active and exhalation is passive

Breathe hard

Breathing pattern of active inhalation and active exhalation

2. Intrapulmonary pressure

refers to the pressure of gas in the alveoli

3. Intrapleural pressure

refers to the pressure within the pleural cavity

The formation of negative pressure in the pleural cavity is related to two forces acting on the pleural cavity. One is the intrapulmonary pressure, which causes the alveoli to expand; the other is the pulmonary retraction pressure.

Intrapleural pressure = intrapulmonary pressure (—pulmonary retraction pressure)

At the end of inhalation or expiration, the airflow in the respiratory tract stops, and the intrapulmonary pressure is equal to the atmospheric pressure. If the atmospheric pressure is 0, then Intrapleural pressure =—pulmonary retraction pressure

The importance of maintaining negative pressure in the pleural cavity

It can not only expand the lungs, but also enable the lungs to expand and contract with the expansion and contraction of the thorax.

It also acts on the vena cava and thoracic duct in the chest to expand them, which is beneficial to the return of venous blood and lymph fluid.

An important prerequisite for maintaining negative pressure in the pleural cavity is to maintain the airtightness of the pleural cavity

(2) Resistance of pulmonary ventilation

1. Elastic resistance

lung elastic resistance

Lung elastic recoil (1/3)

Surface tension formed at the interface between liquid and air inside the alveoli (2/3)

alveolar surfactant

It is a mixture of lipids and proteins synthesized and secreted by alveolar type II epithelial cells, in which lipid components account for about 90%, surfactant binding proteins account for about 10% (SP), and more than 60% of the lipids are dipalm. Acyl Lecithin (DPPC)

Function: Reduce alveolar surface tension and reduce alveolar retraction force

Physiological significance: ① Reduce inspiratory resistance, reduce inspiratory work, and prevent lung atrophy ②Maintain the stability of alveoli of different sizes ③Prevent pulmonary edema

Thoracic elastic resistance

2. Inelastic resistance

inertial resistance

viscous drag

airway resistance

2. Evaluation of pulmonary ventilation function

hypoventilation

Restrictive hypoventilation: Respiratory muscle paralysis, expansile changes in the lungs and thorax, and pneumothorax can cause limited lung expansion.

Obstructive hypoventilation: spasm of bronchial smooth muscle, foreign bodies in the airway, excessive secretion of mucosal glands such as the trachea and bronchi, and compression by tumors outside the airway causing reduction in airway caliber or airway obstruction

(1) Lung volume and lung capacity

1. Lung volume

It refers to the amount of gas that the lungs can hold under different conditions, which changes with respiratory movement. Usually lung volume can be divided into tidal volume, inspiratory supplementary volume, expiratory supplementary volume and residual volume.

(1) Tidal volume: refers to the amount of gas inhaled or exhaled with each breath

(2) Supplementary expiratory volume: refers to the amount of gas that can be inhaled at the end of quiet inhalation and then inhaling as hard as possible.

(3) Supplementary expiratory volume: refers to the amount of gas that can be exhaled after calming down at the end of expiration and then exhaling with all your strength.

(4) Residual volume: refers to the amount of gas that remains in the lungs at the end of maximum expiration and cannot be exhaled anymore.

2. Lung capacity

Refers to the combined gas volume of two or more items in the lung volume

(1) Deep inspiratory volume: refers to the amount of gas that can be inhaled from the end of quiet expiration to maximum inhalation. It is the sum of tidal volume and supplementary inspiratory volume.

(2) Functional residual volume: refers to the amount of gas that remains in the lungs at the end of quiet expiration. It is the sum of residual volume and supplementary expiratory volume.

(3) Vital capacity, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume:

Vital capacity (VC): The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after inhaling as hard as possible; equal to the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory supplementary volume and expiratory supplementary volume.

Forced vital capacity (FVC): refers to the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled as quickly as possible after one maximum inhalation.

Forced expiratory volume (FEV): refers to the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled within a certain period of time after trying to exhale as quickly as possible after one maximum inhalation.

FEV1/FVC is the most commonly used indicator for clinically distinguishing obstructive pulmonary disease from restrictive pulmonary disease.

(4) Total lung capacity: refers to the maximum amount of gas that the lungs can hold. It is the sum of vital capacity and remaining lung capacity.

(2) Pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation

1. Pulmonary ventilation

It refers to the total amount of air inhaled or exhaled per minute. It is the product of tidal volume and respiratory rate.

The reserve capacity of ventilation function is usually expressed as a percentage of ventilation reserve. Percentage of ventilation reserve = (maximum ventilation volume – quiet ventilation volume per minute)/maximum ventilation volume * 100%

2. Alveolar ventilation

It refers to the amount of fresh air inhaled into the alveoli per minute, which is equal to the product of the difference between the tidal volume and the physiological dead space volume and the respiratory rate.

Anatomical dead space: part of the gas inhaled each time will remain in the respiratory tract between the nose or mouth and the terminal bronchioles, and will not participate in the gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood. The volume of this part of the conductive bronchi is called anatomy Dead cavity

Alveolar dead space: The volume of the alveoli that cannot carry out gas exchange is called alveolar dead space.

Alveolar dead space and anatomical dead space are collectively called physiological dead space

Breathing Overview

Respiration is the process of gas exchange between the body and the outside world

The three parts of breathing

external breathing

It refers to the gas exchange process between the pulmonary capillary blood and the external environment, including the two processes of pulmonary ventilation and pulmonary ventilation.

pulmonary ventilation

Refers to the gas exchange process between the alveoli and the external environment

lung ventilation

Refers to the gas exchange process between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

gas transport

Refers to the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

internal breathing

It refers to the gas exchange between tissue cells and tissue capillaries as well as the oxidative metabolic process within tissue cells.

Diagram of the whole process of breathing