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evolution

Biopsychology Regarding evolution, the brains of all vertebrate animals have the same basic structure. Vertebrate brain evolution reflects changes in behavior, Various factors led to the rapid evolution of larger cortexes in primates, among other things.

Edited at 2024-04-10 18:02:29

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evolution

theory of evolution by natural selection

Individuals with adaptive traits produce more offspring

The process of natural selection favors new genes conferring adaptive traits

Darwinian natural selection

Reproduction causes a population to grow without constraints

Individuals of a given species are not identical

Some variations are heritable

Not all offspring survive

sexual selection

Conducive to reproductive success

Darwinian theory is subject to uncertainty about two important processes

Individuals inherit their characteristics from their parents

genetic changes

Mendel

Gene

mutation

Spontaneous and random occurrence

Changes in the genes of organisms, some mutations can be inherited

Mutations vary in nature

Beneficial mutations show reproductive advantage

natural selection at the genetic level

apparent genetics

Modern evolution theory: natural selection genetic variation

Evolution through natural selection is the process of constantly trying new traits

form of natural selection

Directional selection: Selection that favors changes in a certain characteristic in a population (reproductive advantage)

Stabilizing selection: Selection that is conducive to reducing variation in a certain characteristic in a population

Disproportionate selection: selection that favors the differentiation of a certain characteristic within a population

evolution

Convergent evolution: Adaptation to similar ecological characteristics may lead to behavioral or structural similarities between distantly related animals.

Homology: Some species have similar structures because they share a common ancestor

Divergent evolution: adapting to different environments

Why study other species

Comparison of different species yields evolutionary clues

Different species have evolved specific behavioral and neural mechanisms to adapt to their environment

Helps understand the evolution of the nervous system

Why study a specific species?

Different species are used to solve different problems

feature

Have outstanding characteristics

Study of these species can lead to general principles applicable to other species

Convenience

Laboratory rats: easy to breed, low cost, short life cycle, similarities in some brain areas and behaviors

Molluscs: Nervous systems are simple and easy to study

Drosophila: The genome is simple, short-term, and has many genes homologous to mammals

Invertebrates: The Nervous System provides a simplified model for understanding the vertebrate nervous system

Comparative studies between different species

Test scientific hypotheses

Fundamentals of studying different species

Disease treatment research-----Animal models

economic importance

Research to increase production of economic animals

Helps preserve rare species

Complex lives require complex brains

Selective pressure favors enlarging the forebrain, allowing species to respond to environment and opportunity in new, flexible ways

Food-obtaining strategies of different species linked to brain size and structure

More innovative species have relatively larger forebrains

Other behavioral adaptations are also associated with differences in the relative sizes of certain brain structures

Different evolutionary pressures (sexual selection) also affect the brain

All vertebrate brains have the same basic structure

Different species of mammals have some of the same brain areas (visual, auditory, and somatosensory) arranged in basically the same pattern.

The size, proportion and location of specific brain regions are linked to different forms of behavioral adaptation

Comparison of human brain and mouse brain

resemblance

Each structure of the human brain has a corresponding structure in the brain

Cell nuclei, fiber bundles, etc. are similar

The nervous systems of vertebrates share many common features

Develops from the hollow dorsal neural tube

Bilateral symmetry: A mirror image of the brain

Segmentation: Pairs of spinal nerves extending outward from each segment of the spinal cord

Hierarchical control: higher-level nervous systems tend to control or regulate lower-level nervous systems

Dissociated system: Separation of the central nervous system from the peripheral nervous system

Functional specialization: Certain physiological and behavioral processes are controlled by specific neural mechanisms

Vertebrate brain evolution reflects behavioral changes

Modern animals and fossils reveal brain evolution

Through evolution, structure changes

Changes in brain size during evolution

The main result of mammalian evolution is larger overall brain sizes

In many species, there is a clear overall correlation between body and brain weight

encephalizing factor

May be a potential indicator of strong selective pressure

Connection patterns and gene expression may be more important than gross anatomical features in distinguishing human brains from those of related species

Brain size is an adaptation

The cerebral cortex grew disproportionately during human evolution

Brain regions that expanded most during primate evolution are regions that played important roles later in life

subtopic

Multiple factors led to the rapid evolution of larger cortexes in primates

Having a bigger brain comes at a cost

Difficulties of Pregnancy and Difficulties of Childbirth

Much of the brain's development continues years after birth, which means the baby's long-term dependence on and parental care

The cost of brain formation and maintenance is high---metabolism requires energy

Many genes encoding brain characteristics are easily affected, and genetic mutations lead to behavioral disorders

How natural selection, sexual selection and gene expression differences in key cognitive abilities may have contributed to the evolution of primate brains

Natural Selection: Positive selection pressure drives human brain enlargement

adapt to environment

skills development

behavioral innovation

Tool usage

social learning

social brain hypothesis

Humans need a larger cerebral cortex to handle complex cognitive tasks, namely maintaining social relationships with other individuals

Brain size may be related to social relationships, social group size

A larger brain facilitates adaptation to the environment

Other aspects of natural selection also influence human behavior

specific forms of learning and memory

Sexual selection: May have contributed to ancient human brain enlargement

sexual selection hypothesis

Gene expression differences: Primate species differ in gene expression

Key differences in genetic basis between humans and other primates

There may be important differences in the DNA sequence of a specific gene - resulting in different gene structures and proteins

Patterns of gene expression in the brain vary widely - how genes are expressed to build complex brains may also differ

Evolution is still continuing

artificial selection evolution

The influence of environment on evolution

Inheritance occurs through genes

Chromosome: Gene: DNA

Phylogenetic: Similarities between certain biological species reflect phylogeny

Study evolutionary history

Anticipate behavioral patterns