The size of the diseased organ is enlarged, the capsule is tense, the cut surface is raised, the edges are everted, the color is pale, turbid and dull, and it looks like it has been boiled in boiling water, so it is called turbid swelling.

Granular degeneration - watery degeneration - ballooning degeneration

Mitochondria are swollen, endoplasmic reticulum is expanded; cytoplasmic matrix is ​​loose

Liver: enlarged size, tight capsule, yellowish color, blunt edge, greasy feeling on cut surface

HE staining → lipid droplet vacuoles of varying sizes appear in the cytoplasm

Sudan III dyeing→orange red

Osmic acid dyeing→black

For example, in liver congestion, steatosis occurs in the central area of ​​the liver lobules; in phosphorus poisoning, steatosis mainly occurs in the edge areas of the liver lobules.

In severe anemia, parallel yellow stripes can be seen under the endocardium, especially in the papillary muscles, alternating with the dark red of normal myocardium, looking like tiger spots.

Often occurs in hyperplastic connective tissue, such as old scars, fibrotic glomeruli, and atherosclerotic plaques

lesions

Arterioles commonly found in the kidneys, brain, spleen and retina of hypertension

lesions

Such as liver intoxication by ethanol (Mallory bodies), renal tubular epithelial cells in nephritis

Glassy droplets appear in cells, so it is also called intracellular glassy droplet degeneration.

Under light microscope: homogeneous red-stained round bodies

Skin, conjunctiva, tongue, trachea, etc., endocrine tumors

Secondary (severe chronic inflammation)

Primary (immunoglobulin light chain)

Local: common in old bleeding lesions

Systemic: In hemolytic anemia, it is mainly found in organs such as liver, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow.

Localized: seen in nevus and melanoma

Systemic: Patients with Addison's disease (primary chronic adrenal insufficiency)

Refers to calcium salt deposition in degenerated, necrotic tissue and foreign matter. Commonly found in tuberculosis necrosis, atherosclerotic plaque, etc.

Systemic calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorder

To the naked eye: the necrotic focus is clearly defined, gray/yellow, and surrounded by bleeding zones.

Under the microscope: the necrotic lesions are red-stained and granular without structure; the tissue outline can sometimes be retained for a period of time

A special type of coagulative necrosis, seen mainly in tuberculosis

lesions

Tissues that contain less protein and more lipids (such as the brain) or produce more proteases (such as the pancreas)

Common diseases: brain tissue necrosis, amoebic dysentery, abscess

To the naked eye: the necrotic tissue is liquid, and necrotic cavities or softening lesions can be seen

Under the microscope: the original tissue structure dissolves and disappears

dry gangrene

wet gangrene

gas gangrene

Nuclear chromatin is condensed, densely stained, nuclear volume is reduced, and the edges are shrunk.

The nuclear membrane ruptures and the chromatin disintegrates into small pieces and is dispersed in the cytoplasm

The DNA and nuclear proteins in the chromatin are broken down by DNase and protease, and the nucleus becomes lightly stained or disappears.