When the effusion volume is less than 0.3 to 0.5L, the symptoms are not obvious or there is only chest pain.

Heart palpitations and difficulty breathing when a large amount of fluid accumulates, which may even lead to respiratory failure.

Chest tightness and shortness of breath worsen as effusion increases

There are no positive findings in physical examination when the pleural effusion is less than 200-300 ml.

When there is moderate to large amounts of effusion, the chest on the affected side is full, the tactile fremitus is weakened, there is local dullness on percussion, and the breath sounds are reduced or disappeared.

May be accompanied by displacement of trachea and mediastinum to the healthy side

Appearance and smell

cell

pH and glucose

Pathogen

lipids

protein

enzyme

Blunt costophrenic angle (300 mL)

General treatment

fluid extraction treatment

antituberculosis treatment

Glucocorticoids

control infection

drain pleural effusion

Promote lung recruitment and restore lung function

Reduce patient pain and improve quality of life

No obvious lesions were found on routine X-rays

It is caused by the rupture of swollen bullae or small cysts located under the visceral pleura, mostly at the apex of the lungs.

It most commonly occurs in men aged 20-40 who are slender and tall.

Incomplete obstruction of bronchial tubes caused by underlying lung disease

The triggers may include holding heavy objects, holding your breath, strenuous activities, etc.

Sudden onset

Chest pain, pins and needles or knife-like pain

short duration

Secondary chest tightness and difficulty breathing

With irritating cough

For a small amount of pneumothorax, the signs are not obvious, and it is important to auscultate that the breath sounds are weakened.

When there is a large amount of pneumothorax, the trachea shifts to the unaffected side and the chest on the affected side bulges.

Percussion of voiceless or tympanic sounds

When there is a small amount of pneumothorax or mediastinal emphysema on the left side, a bubble bursting sound consistent with the heartbeat is heard at the left heart edge, which is called Hamman's sign.

The compressed edge is a thin, convex, arc-shaped shadow, called the pneumothorax line

low density gas shadow

Accompanied by varying degrees of atrophy of lung tissue

Suitable for stable small pneumothorax and closed pneumothorax with mild symptoms for the first time

thoracentesis

Closed chest drainage

Pneumothorax that fails medical treatment is an indication for surgery

Antibiotics, intubation and drainage, intrathoracic saline irrigation

If bleeding does not stop: Aspirate and drain fluid, transfuse blood appropriately, open thoracotomy and ligate bleeding blood vessels