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classical sociology
Classical sociological theory, the views of these theorists had a profound impact on the subsequent development of sociology, forming different sociological theoretical schools and research methods.
Edited at 2024-02-18 15:29:08
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classical sociology
- Avatar Character Relationship Chart
Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
- Zootopia 2 Easter Egg
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
- Zootopia 2 Character Relationship Chart
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
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- Outline
classical sociology
Tennys
community and society
Community (community)
definition
organic group based on emotions
polymerization
natural will
society
definition
Mechanical group based on interests
separation
rational will
non-opposition, continuum
basic structure of society
social entity
social relationship
social cluster
social group
Comte
positivist sociology
connotation
Three stages of human intelligence
theological stage
metaphysical stage
scientific or empirical stage
scientific classification
Astronomy Physics Chemistry Biology Society
subtopic
social research methods
social research methods model method pursuit rejection
Observation
Through theoretical guidance
Classification
static observation
dynamic observation
Experimental Method
direct
indirect
Sociology often uses
comparative method
core
Humans and Animals Humans and Humans Primitive Social Forms
historical law
unique most applicable
Sequential and continuous development process
contribute
Most Valuable Empirical Science
Push boundaries, learn from and utilize
Independent discipline widely used
Empirical evidence
meaning
reality
it works
Sure
affim
accurate
in principle
methodology natural scientism
epistemology empiricism
value neutral
scientific hierarchy theory
Overview
organic whole nature 5
Astronomy Physics Biology Chemistry Society
Organic whole, sequential structure, before and after, arrangement principle, empirical evidence
Ladder Ascending Complex General Simple Sociology
social statics
definition
Static order interaction cross-section structures and institutions core categories
the most basic unit of society
Family, self-interest and altruism
social ties
language
Horizontal
Interaction, emotion, common order
portrait
intergenerational transmission
religion
Source provides altruistic cooperation
Division of labor
Complex, dependent, detailed, secular religion
Function
social dynamics
Overview
dynamic development intellectual society
three-stage theory
theological stage
military stage
consistent
political system
worship
metaphysical stage
transition stage
Empirical stage
industrial stage
Humanitarianism
Object of Worship Essence Love New Order Difference Identical Theoretical Universal Activity Personification Scientist Women Love Transformation Love and Moral Continuity
spencer
Social Organism
definition
Organism Dependency Superorganism
Compare with biological organisms
resemblance
Growth
Region Population
structural differentiation
Simple to complex, homogeneous, replacing each other
functional differentiation
structure
interdependence
Each part restricts the connection
social control system
Compare
Closely integrated with the center of consciousness, parts exist as a whole
Structure/Division of Labor in a Social Organism
support system
working class
Production
distribution system
merchant class
trade and circulation
Regulation system
industrial bourgeoisie
adjust
differentiation
Structure Function
Dynamics Specialization Heterogeneity
social integration functional dependence
Tuning system tasks
Similarity Evolutionary Premise Core
social evolution
evolution
Continuously Temporary regression
Non-linear, dispersed, different in nature, previous, new environment
Four subtheories of social evolution
teleology of social evolution
direction
specific
social system functionalism
Structural differentiation Functional differentiation
social division of labor theory
Heterogeneity Dependence Integration
social evolution model theory
Simple, complex, low-level and advanced
internal control methods
martial society and industrial society
Classification criteria
Complexity
simple compound double compound
Living status
nomadic semi-nomadic residential
internal control methods
martial arts
Compare
main activities
defense aggression
coordination principle
Mandatory voluntary cooperation
country and individual
social stratification
Type of economic activity
political structure
valued quality
The relationship between the state and social organizations
Durkheim
Source of thought
sociologicalism
definition
representative figure
Basic proposition
sociological methodology
"Canons of Sociological Method"
social facts
Research object
definition
feature
externality (objectivity)
Mandatory
universality
thing
Classification
material social facts of social morphology
Geographic environment Population distribution Density Quantity
immaterial social facts of sociobiology
religion law customs fashion
status
methodological principles
Principles for observing social facts
basic principles
thing
specific guidelines
Get rid of prejudgment
Operational definition
objective observation
Principles for interpreting social facts
social facts explain social facts
Causal investigation and functional analysis
Criteria for verification
three steps
Hypothesis - Speculation - Test
intermediary
method of comparison
co-variation method
Replenish
normal and pathological phenomena
universality
social type
The simplicity and complexity of social structures
evaluate
positive influence
Comte
Principles of Social Methods Theory of Suicide
independent object scientific
Functional Analysis
limitation
generative
non-historicism
Social Solidarity and Social Division of Labor
"Theory of Division of Labor in Society"
personal and social relationships
social solidarity
Previous views
definition
Classification
Classification basis
Combination method
closeness
non-uniform linear evolution
mechanical unity
definition
legal features
typical society
division of labor
Collective consciousness
Member nature
Dependence
deviant
organic unity
definition
Same as above
social transformation
Collective consciousness
definition
collective representation
Differences between ancient and modern times
occupational groups
social division of labor
cause
social capacity and social density
process
Competition - opening up new areas - cycle
as a result of
Change the foundation, new ties
Functional Analysis
normal division of labor
social order is made possible
new living environment
Specialization Heterogeneity Dependence
weaken collective consciousness
mechanical unity
Abnormal (abnormal) division of labor
Anomic division of labor
subtopic
forced division of labor
Uncoordinated division of labor
Anomie
The root causes of social crisis
social disorganization
definition
contact metamorphosis atom
reason
ethics
individualism
abnormal division of labor
social anomie
definition
Normative Regulation Loss of Integration
reason
division of labor new individual
Morton
suicide theory
suicide
definition
suicide rate
definition
Influencing factors
social factors
social trends
non-social factors
personal psychology
external environment
rebuttal
Types and causes of suicide
self-interested suicide
Individualism, pursuit of interests, organic unity, weakening of integration, emphasis on regulation
altruistic suicide
Altruism Preservation of society Mechanical solidarity Over-integration Dominance Consciousness Repression Collective power
Anomic (turbulent) suicide
Social transformation, pain, anomie, old and new, adaptation, spiritual psychology, life order
fatalistic suicide
Collective power, super control, unbearable
Analysis and Conclusion
Fact Deviation Nature Rate Transformation
Comparison Exclusion Interpretation Principles Integration and Regulation Cohesion and Control
relation
Selfishness and anomalous suicide rates are negatively correlated with the degree of social integration and the strength of social norms
Altruistic and fatalistic suicide rates are positively correlated with the degree of social integration and the strength of social norms
reality normal abnormal crisis
Embodiment method practice model
other
deviant
Violation of norms
Function inevitably strengthens differentiation
modern social crisis
crisis of modernity
social crisis
economic social spirit
reason
Durkheim's perspective on coping
Anomie and social disorganization
Anomie
definition
cause
social disorganization
Division of labor - anomie - disorganization
communism and socialism
solution
Establish a new moral order
professional ethics
control economic activity
Create an intermediary group
professional body
body corporate
sociology of religion
"Basic Forms of Religious Life"
Overview
origin nature function
definition
Sacred Things Beliefs and Practices Church
Nature
Sacred Secular Absolute Heterogeneity Man and Society
Worship Personalized Society Church Strengthens Connections Promotes Integration
The difference between witchcraft and religion
origin
Evidence, primitive tribes, totems, common activities, collective consciousness, primitive totems and religion
religious function
discipline
ritual norm deviance
condense
Activity Emotion Consciousness Integration
cheer up
Uplifting, unfortunate crisis, soothing, pain
inherited
Traditional Culture
new religion
Doctrine and Theory
ceremony
feature
sociology of knowledge
Mannheim
sociology of knowledge
content
theoretical analysis method
Pure empirical investigation
epistemological inquiry
historical and social research methods
ideology
definition
Classification
specific ideology
All-inclusive ideology
Compare with Marx
Utopia
definition
Take action to subvert the existing order
premise
four forms
end
Scientific rationality puts an end to value judgments and enthusiasm
Cooley
Me in the mirror
primary group
Veblen
system
definition
divide
Original state
predatory society
relationship with technological development
Industrial society
divide
Consumption field
conspicuous consumption
power of consumption
Sorokin
social and cultural changes
Three cultural psychology
feeling cultural psychology
conceptual culture psychology
Ideal cultural heart
cultural cycle
inner change
limit principle
social stratification and social mobility
social stratification
definition
Classification
social mobility
definition
Classification
horizontal flow
vertical flow
Weber
Source of thought
german idealism
Kant New Kant
German Historicism and German Sociology
Tennys Simmel
Nietzsche and Marx
sociological methodology
The difference between natural science and social science (anti-positivist tendency)
background
Weber's view
Approval and Disapproval of Dilthey
The debate between universal laws and individualized research methods
anti-positivism
Anti-German Historical School
The difference between natural science and social science
The difference in research intentions
natural events
Human Behavior
Research purposes
Combining history and sociology
value-related vs. value-neutral
value related
basic meaning
value neutral
basic meaning
Adhere to expel ensure
Values Stop Information Attitude Ensure
Distinguish between factual value and what is and should be
divide
It is true
Real World Domain
As it should
value world field
ideal type
definition
Overcome Conceptual Tools Molecular Structure Comparison Relax Conflict
Basic Features
Subjective construction derived from abstract generalizations and universal laws
Theoretical structure, interest of the times, phenomena, internal logical rules
value neutral
purpose focus
rationalization related
Classification
Specific historical events, specific periods, specific areas, Protestant ethics
Social reality factors, multiple periods and multiple backgrounds, bureaucracy
Concrete actions value rationality
Understanding and Understanding Sociology
understanding sociology
definition
science object task
Categories of understanding
certainty
rational logic and mathematics
Emotional re-experience, emotion and art appreciation
operability
observational understanding
subjective meaning direct observation
explanatory understanding
Task Prerequisite Features Explanation
Understand and explain
Define each
relation
two features
rational
emoticon
Two ways/forms
observational understanding
explanatory understanding
individualism
social nominalism
causal pluralism
Get rid of linearity
Social Action Subjective Understanding Objective Verification Subjective Appropriateness Causal Appropriate Action
Law, necessity, specific cause and effect, objective possibility
No possibility, reduced to singleness, no cause and effect, no settlement, no meaning
social action theory
Overview
objects science individualism collection further explanation society
definition
Give subjective other-related orientation
Defining conditions
Classification
purposively rational action
Calculation Consequences Conditions Purpose Considers possibility Does not consider value Neutral
Subjective Reasonable consideration Purpose motivation
Objective, rational, means, relationship, most efficient
The most rational modern society
Ideal Type Real Life Various Combinations
routine, habit, lack of creativity, singleness, stagnation
value rational action
Value Absolute Exclusive Consequence Condition Comply with value Value judgment
subjective value
Objective, regardless of consequences, regardless of means
Abnormal, Revolution, Breaking Tradition, Social Change
emotional action
emotional stimulation
Objective rationality and subjective irrationality. The former blindly follows habits, while the latter is controlled by emotions.
traditional action
Convention
social relationship
Definitions and symbols
social form
Community
Emotions and traditional actions A sense of unity
society
Purpose-rational action, balance of interests
Features
political sociology
basic concept
that power
definition
rule
definition
discipline
definition
The connections and differences between the three
legality
social stratification
economic criteria wealth
Economic market, ability to survive, wealth, ability to exchange, self-satisfaction, Marx, means of production, basis, differentiation, more direct
political standards power
Possibility of implementation Social organization Inequality Means of production Bureaucratic positions
social standards prestige
Identity, knowledge, education, lifestyle, difference, identity, prestige, status
authoritative type
Overview
Various foundations of rule, legality, voluntariness, legitimacy, belief, authority
Invoking authority—Charisma/Personal Charisma
definition
One of three types: charisma, leadership, charisma, talent, appeal, need
feature
pre-rational revolution unstable transformation
traditional authority
definition
Ancient traditions, legal rule, strong beliefs, existing order, firm beliefs
feature
Power acquisition uses conservative obstruction
legal authority
definition
Rules Authority Position
feature
impersonal relationships impersonal order bureaucracy
bureaucracy
definition
The purest type of organization Position Level Management area Specialized division of labor Public service principle Separation Characteristics
feature
persistence of existence
Rules and regulations Administrative duties Continuous organization
certainty of authority
Scope of duties, responsibilities, executive authority, means
organizational hierarchy
Job Hierarchy
Staff professionalism
Position technical guidance training
Separation of management rights and ownership
No possession Administrative means Material conditions Permitted use
Powers are not transferable
Document systematization and archiving
Activity decision rules Text form Description record
evaluate
advantage
Rational trend accurate stable strict reliable other organizational forms
Universality
shortcoming
Formalism and documentarianism
Instrumental rationality, extreme, irrationality, ambiguous authority, buck-passing, social interaction, human nature
Indifference to humanity and obliteration of freedom
Other areas Iron cage
iron cage paradox alienation
rationalization and modernity
Overview
Demonstrate the main components, formal rationality, and fundamental characteristics
discussion level
micro level social behavior
Macro level politics law religion
rational classification
formal rationality
Objective facts, causal relationships, reflected in purposeful and rational actions
substantive rationality
Subjective value logical relationship is reflected in value rational actions
rational embodiment
five aspects
Efficiency Calculable Predictability Control Disenchantment Dehumanization
Many aspects
politics bureaucracy
religion protestant ethics
Economy Monetary Economics Bookkeeping System
ethical classification
ethics of belief
The ethical value of an action The values on which the action is based Refusal to take responsibility for consequences
Responsibility ethics
Logical basis for behavior Objective consequences of behavior Consider consequences Be responsible for consequences
rationalization consequences
Extraordinary achievements, production efficiency, scientific role
Spread of bureaucracy Disadvantages Orderly professionals Iron cage Irrational lifestyle
Rational in form but irrational in substance
Weber's self-contradiction
rationalist
Spread, the fate of modern man, the inevitable result of capitalism
humanist
Criticize substantive irrationality and call for resistance to the harm of bureaucracy
sociology of religion
Overview
Aims at rationalizing the degree process of capitalism religious ethics economic behavior
Religious classification
prophet
definition
ethical prophet
Tools God’s Will Ethical Responsibility
Model Prophet
role model his way
redemption
definition
Core Issues Soteriology Classification
Join the WTO
born
doctrine
asceticism
mysticism
Classification
worldly asceticism
Vocation, Means of Salvation, Divine Meaning, Protestantism
Birth Asceticism
Reject the world, resist temptation, meaningless, Catholicism
worldly mysticism
Follow tradition, believe in authority, conform to the secular world, pessimism, fatalism, Confucianism
transcendental mysticism
Abandon worldliness, indulge in meditation, Confucianism
Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Two basic questions
The Origin and Nature of Capitalism
The relationship between religious ethics and economic behavior
The Reformation, Calvinism, Predestination, gave birth to worldly asceticism, prompted people to prove
Protestant Ethic Labor and Earning Ascension to Vocation Sanctification Escape Hard Work Ascetic Lifestyle Thrifty Accumulation Capitalism
in conclusion
Affinity Promotion Abandonment Civilization Achievements Spiritual Drive
The core of the problem of modernity is capitalism. The Reformation. Protestant ethics. Unique to the West. Unique to capitalism.
Chinese religion
Introduction
Confucianism and Taoism, structural barriers, Confucianism, heresy, comparative analysis
structural barriers
community structure
Blood ties, clan relations, small-scale peasant economy, fragmented land, technology
national structure
Feudal hereditary irrationality
language properties
Image Description Cumulative knowledge system
religious concepts
Literary education does not care about the economy and has backward governance capabilities
Mysticism, opposition and tension, compliance with tradition, belief in authority, compliance with the world, contentment with the status quo, unlike Protestantism, domination and transformation
marx
ideology theory
definition
coercion
The ruling class
false consciousness
Origin and criticism
class theory
definition
origin
relation
and productivity
with superstructure
Class struggle
definition
historical role
contribute
non-startup
historical category
It will inevitably lead to the transition to the dictatorship of the proletariat
The application of historical materialism in class society
alienation theory
definition
Concept source
Why alienation
Definition of labor alienation
four aspects
Workers and labor itself
Laborers and products of labor
people to people
Human beings and their own species nature
commodity fetishism
social formation theory
basic concept
productive forces
Relations of production
economic basis
superstructure
social existence
Social awareness
Summarize
basic proposition
The nature of productivity must be consistent with the situation of productivity
The nature of the superstructure must be compatible with the conditions of the economic base
Social existence determines social consciousness
social change theory
definition
power
process and direction
analysis of capitalism
subtopic
analysis of communism
what kind
How to achieve violent revolution
Who will do it? The proletariat
Why proletariat
Everything else is finished
The interests are the same
It is a product and continues to grow.
Two inferences, that is, conditions
occur in developed countries
Not qualified enough
long term process
revolutionary stage of transformation
The first stage
Public ownership, no market, according to social needs, productivity is not enough, distribution according to work, not according to needs
Advanced stage
Simmel
basic questions of sociology
sociological perspective
Oppose pan-socialization
relationship between individual and society
dual relationship
Research object
basic forms of social interaction
Sociological level/problem area
general sociology
Issues at the stage of historical development
group power issues
The question of the value relationship between collective and individual actions and thoughts
formal (pure) sociology
basic forms of social interaction
philosophy sociology
epistemology
metaphysics
social research methods
anti-positivism
formal sociology
arbitrariness
formal sociology
definition
Problem Area Classification General Form Philosophy
Object Concrete interaction Abstract form Task Descriptive analysis
Essence Continuous Interaction Unified Complex Social Event Phenomenon Introduction Varying Content Same Form Analysis
Classification of forms of social interaction
social process
division of labor conflict alliance fashion
Not dependent on fixed
Fashion
Contradiction, similarity, difference, elite, symbol, lower class, status, popular, new symbol, new fashion
social type
Stranger, poor person, arbiter, dignitary
character behavior essential characteristics
stranger
Today Tomorrow roaming space group does not belong to characteristics distance different interaction social characteristics
poor
Assisted, powerful, wealth, relationships, rights and obligations, lowest level, top level, comparison, relative poverty
development model
Social differentiation, expansion of groups, basis of social organization
The expansion of group size and the strengthening of the individuality of group members
social geometry
definition
quantity
group of two
Simplest Direct interaction Close relationship Recognition maintenance Exclusion Three Threat Conflict is stronger
group of three
Transformation Nature of interaction Social structure Social roles
Authoritative domination structure, autonomy and heteronomy, freedom and restraint, basically complete social unit, role relationship, third party
large group
indirect interaction, emotions, complex relationships, institutionalization, internal differentiation, subgroups, centrifugality, integration system, law, bureaucracy
institutionalization of interaction
Suppress individuality and reduce space
group diversity
Enrich personality and expand space
distance
value
social interaction contradictions
Cooperation and conflict
definition
Exclusivity, biological reductionism, biological instincts, relational contradictions, forms of interaction, interweaving
Classification
reality
unreality
intragroup conflict
conflict between groups
intensity of conflict
emotional investment
personal goals
means
Difference from Marx
positive effects
Vent channel, relieve conflict, safety valve
bonds of social integration
Dominance and submission
obey individuals
Ability, charm and personal will rise
obey the majority
personal bias avoidance
obey ideological principles
Legal and ideological principles consciously believed in
Cultural Sociology (General Sociology)
Capitalist cultural contradictions
Cultural classification
subjective culture
Create, absorb, utilize, ability, tendency, internalize, embody
objective culture
factors external independence expansion decline
tragedy of modern culture
objective cultural expansion
sheer scale
Complexity New ingredients New content
strong self control escape
creation, means, existence, externality, independence, freedom from alien power, suppression, expansion, decline, essence, alienation
source
The development of division of labor
Fine division of labor, specialization, strengthen production, weaken grasp, enrich grasp
The birth of the monetary economy
Promote division of labor, separation, strengthen opposition
monetary philosophy
money and value
The duality of money
create distance
Provide conditions for overcoming distance
monetary impact
Objectification, rationalization and individual freedom
materialized world
Improve rationality
Quantify
thinking
individual freedom and individuality
Alienation and alienation between individuals and social groups
means become ends
impersonality of social relations
Tocqueville
basic concept
democracy
definition
double edged sword
In line with human nature, break through obstacles
Hierarchical elimination leads to perfecting beliefs
Equality becomes mediocrity
Equality brings tyranny
free
equality
On American Democracy
Establish the cause
envirnmental factor
No powerful neighbors, big capital
A country of immigrants lacking aristocratic soil
Concepts of rights and freedoms Advanced technology
institutional factors
federal system
township system
judicial independence
Association
multi-party system
People's feelings (customs)
The moral and spiritual outlook of a nation
religious consciousness freedom concept
Other content
To be added
The Old Regime and the Revolution
Overview
Getting Started Characteristics Mentality Centralization Foundation Revolutionary Sentiments Causes of Occurrence
Historical origin
Shrouded in the old system, the two trends mix, exacerbating conflicts and breaking out.
Location and timing of outbreak
The most serious shackles, restlessness, and difficulty in accepting
Cause of outbreak
Realistic level
paris local politics
centralization, administration, political freedom, class conflict
Reforms are beneficial but not practical and arouse public dissatisfaction
Concept level
Literary politics, spiritual source, political freedom, practical experience, rationality, resonance, illusion
Ending: Restoration of the dictatorship
Exclusion, political freedom, revolution, cruelty, fear, authoritarian basis, authority, pretense
solution
Equality and freedom, democratic system, democratic folk customs
Pareto
Logical and illogical behavior
definition
Classification
Residues and Derivatives
leftovers
definition
Classification
Combination instinct
Persistence of the combination
The need to express feelings through overt behavior
social residue
Integration of the person and his attachments
sexual remnants
derivative
definition
Classification
assertion
authoritative arguments
consistent with emotion or principle
oral evidence
elite circulation theory
Elite
definition
ruler
fox
lion
cycle
Inside the elite
Elite and the masses