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MindMap Gallery Entering the cell (raw)

Entering the cell (raw)

This is a mind map about organisms entering cells, which mainly includes content from the biosphere to cells, the diversity and unity of cells, etc.

Edited at 2024-02-15 23:50:15

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Entering the cell (raw)

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Outline

Enter the cell

From biosphere to cells

Living systems are inseparable from cells

Viruses: have no cellular structure and must rely on living cells to survive. (DNA virus or RNA virus)

Unicellular organisms: rely on a single cell to complete various life activities. (Cells are individuals)

Multicellular organisms: rely on the close cooperation of various differentiated cells to complete complex life activities.

Structural levels of living systems

Cells: All organisms except viruses are composed of cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of organisms. Cells are the basic unit of metabolism and inheritance of organisms.

Tissue: A group of cells and intercellular substance with similar morphology, structure and function is called a tissue. (Nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue)

Organ: A structure in an animal or plant composed of several different cells and tissues that are used to complete certain specific functions.

System: A structure in which multiple organs that can complete one or several physiological functions are combined in a certain order is called a system. (Plants without systems) Note: Eight major systems: respiratory, digestive, circulatory, nervous, urinary, reproductive, motor, and endocrine.

Individual: divided into multicellular organisms and unicellular organisms. Multicellular organisms are a single organism with complex life activities completed by several organs or systems in collaboration; unicellular organisms refer to an individual composed of one cell.

Population: All individuals of the same species in a certain natural area.

Community: A collection of various biological populations that gather in a certain area at the same time. (animals, plants, microorganisms)

Ecosystem: A unified whole formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with its inorganic environment. Biosphere The sum of all living things on earth and their living environment is called the biosphere. The biosphere is the largest ecosystem on Earth.

Main points

The most basic living system on earth is the cell; the largest living system is the biosphere.

Single-celled organisms such as Paramecium are individuals composed of only one cell. The structural level of their life system is extremely cellular and individual, and there is no structural level of tissue or organ systems. The earliest life form on earth

There is no system level in plants. Plants are directly composed of six organs. (Vegetative organs - roots, stems, leaves, reproductive organs - flowers, fruits, seeds)

Viruses have no cellular structure and are not part of a living system, but they are a living organism.

A molecule or atom can be a system, but not a living system

Microscope use

step

One shift, two shift, three tune

Find the object image under low magnification and move the object image to the center of the field of view.

Turn the converter and replace with the high power lens.

Adjust the aperture and reflector to make the brightness of the field of view suitable.

Adjust the fine focus screw to make the object image clear.

use

Two ways to brighten the field of view are to enlarge the aperture and use a concave mirror.

High magnification lens: the object image is large, the field of view is dark, the field of view is small, and the number of cells seen is small. Low magnification lens: the object image is small, the field of view is bright and bright, the field of view is large, and the number of cells seen is large.

Objective lens: Threaded, the longer the lens barrel, the greater the magnification. Eyepiece: No thread, the shorter the tube, the greater the magnification.

The greater the magnification, the smaller the field of view, the darker the field of view, the fewer the number of cells in the field of view, and the larger each cell is. The smaller the magnification, the wider the field of view, the brighter the field of view, the greater the number of cells in the field of view, and the smaller each cell.

Magnification = magnification of objective lens × magnification of objective lens

The essence of magnification: refers to the length and width of magnification, not the straight area or volume.

Characteristics of imaging: upside down, left and right, that is, rotated 180 degrees, the object image in the field of view is in the lower left corner, but is actually in the upper right corner.

Diversity and Unity of Cells

Classification of living things

non-cellular organisms (viruses)

The body is extremely small and can generally pass through bacterial filters. Therefore, the virus was originally called "filtration virus" and must be observed under an electron microscope.

Viruses are organisms that have no cellular structure and can only survive by parasitizing in living cells. There is neither a capacity-producing enzyme system nor a protein and nucleic acid synthetizing enzyme system. It can only use the ready-made metabolic system in the host's living cells to synthesize its own nucleic acid and protein components.

Viruses are composed of proteins and nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) and can replicate to produce offspring, so they are also called "molecular organisms"

There is only one kind of nucleic acid in the virus

DNA virus

RNA virus

Under in vitro conditions, it can exist in the state of inanimate biological macromolecules and maintain its infection vitality for a long time.

Not sensitive to general antibiotics, but sensitive to interferon

Note: Viruses are a type of microorganism that does not have a cellular structure and has life characteristics such as inheritance, replication, and mutation. Generally, they are spherical viruses, baculoviruses and tadpole viruses. The virus is highly parasitic and completely relies on the energy and metabolic system of the host cell to obtain the materials and energy required for life activities. When it leaves the host cell, it is just a large chemical molecule. When it stops moving, it can be made into protein crystals and become a non-toxic substance. When a living body encounters a host cell, it will display typical characteristics of a living body by adsorbing, entering, replicating, assembling, and releasing progeny viruses. Therefore, the virus is a primitive living body between living things and non-living things.

single cell organism

prokaryotes

No nucleus bounded by the nuclear membrane, nucleoid

How DNA exists: Nucleoid: Large, circular, naked DNA molecule; Plasmid: small, circular, naked DNA molecule

Cell wall: main component peptidoglycan Not all prokaryotic cells have a cell wall. (Mycoplasma, no cell wall)

Cytoplasm: with ribosomes, no other cytoplasm

Value-added method: mainly binary splitting

Heritable variation: genetic mutation

Note

Prokaryotes must be single-celled organisms, single-celled organisms are not necessarily prokaryotes

The fact that prokaryotes such as aerobic bacteria do not have mitochondria in their cells does not mean that prokaryotic cells cannot carry out aerobic respiration. Their aerobic respiration mainly takes place in the cytoplasmic matrix and inside the cell membrane.

The vast majority of bacteria are cryptotrophic or parasitic heterotrophs. Escherichia coli does not have mitochondria, but it can also perform aerobic respiration because the cells contain enzymes related to aerobic respiration.

cyanobacteria

There are no chloroplasts in cyanobacterial cells, but the cells contain phycocyanin, chlorophyll and the enzymes required for photosynthesis. They are autotrophic organisms that can carry out photosynthesis.

Cyanobacteria and other algae bloom in large numbers, forming algae blooms and red tides in seawater

Common prokaryotes: Fungi: Escherichia coli, pneumococci, cocci, lactobacilli, actinomycetes, streptomyces, etc. Algae: Cyanococcus, Nostida, Nostoc (blue algae), etc. Trisomy: Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia. Tips: a (mycoplasma) fine (bacteria) basket (cyanobacteria) daughter (protozoa)

eukaryotes

There is a nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane

How DNA exists: Nucleus: Chain, DNA and protein (pr) combine to form chromosomes; Cytoplasm: DNA exists naked in mitochondria and chloroplasts

Cell wall: Plant cell wall (main components cellulose and pectin); Fungal cell wall (main component is chitin); Animal cells have no cell wall

Cytoplasm: contains ribosomes and other organelles

Mode of proliferation: mitosis, amitosis and meiosis

Heritable variation methods: genetic mutation, genetic recombination, chromosomal variation

Common eukaryotes: Fungi: Yeast, mold, Mucor, etc. Algae: red algae, green algae, chlamydomonas, etc. A quick note: A (Chlamydomonas) group (Vovolix) yeast (yeast) is moldy (mold)

Note

Organisms capable of photosynthesis ≠ eukaryotes

Organisms capable of aerobic respiration ≠ eukaryotes

Prokaryotes ≠ protists (human organisms are lower single-celled eukaryotes)

Cells without nuclei ≠ prokaryotic cells (mammalian mature red blood cells)

cell theory

set up process

1665 Robert Hooke discovered and named the cell (dead cell)

Leeuwenhoek observed living cells for the first time.

In the 1830s, Slaiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory (all animals and plants are composed of cells, and cells are the basic units of all animals and plants).

In 1858, Virchow proposed the idea that cells divide to produce new cells, revising the cell theory.

core point

A cell is an organism. All animals and plants develop from cells and are composed of cells and cell products.

A cell is a relatively independent unit that has its own life and contributes to the life of the whole composed of other cells.

Cells can be generated from old cells

significance

Reveals the unity of cells and the unity of biological structures

Reveals the existence of certain kinship relationships between organisms

Marks the entry of biological research into the cellular level