Xunzi's "Encouraging Learning"

"Shang Shu·Shuo Ming"/"Shang Shu·Fate Fulfillment"

"Zhou Rites"

"Study Notes"

Any activity that enhances people's knowledge and skills, develops their intelligence and physical strength, and affects their thoughts and moral character is education. It includes social education, school education and family education

school education

family Education

social education

Education in a broad sense/Three forces of education/Spatial characteristics of the education system/From a horizontal perspective, the basic form of education

The three complement each other

Characteristics of family education

Methods of cooperation between home and school

Concept: School education is an activity in which educators influence the educated in a purposeful, planned and organized manner according to certain social requirements and train them into people needed by a certain society.

prescriptive definition/operational definition

descriptive definition

programmatic definition

Irregularity

eg: Education should start from childhood

A vivid and unique image (borrowing one thing from another)

eg: Education is the cultivation of the soul

People’s self-organized self-study activities, self-reflection, and self-study behaviors

The phenomenon of passing on production and life experience through oral instruction and personal experience permeating the process of production and life.

The most direct function

The most basic functions

The most profound, always with education

The fundamental motivation for the development of modern education

Establish concepts, popularize knowledge, and guide social activities to build ecological civilization

No advancement in social class or status - no high or low

Promotion, job promotion, salary upgrade - there are high and low levels

eg: Be a farmer in the morning, ascend to the Emperor’s Hall in the evening

Educational methods: word-of-mouth and immersion (the earliest teaching method of mankind)

Productivity provides the material basis

Separation of mental and physical work

The Creation of Words--Important Symbols

The emergence of state machinery--guarantee role/historical basis

A large accumulation of life knowledge

The earliest primary school in my country was born in the Shang/Yin and Zhou dynasties

The beginning of modern primary schools in my country--Zhengmeng Academy

my country's first public primary school--Nanyang Public School Foreign College

The earliest to stipulate primary schools in the form of law and the earliest to incorporate primary schools into education--Guimao schooling system

The first person to theoretically examine primary school education and university education as a unified process - Zhu Xi

The first university or earliest institution of higher education in Chinese history—Jixia Academy

The first government university organized by the central government/the highest institution of learning in the Han Dynasty—Tai Xue

The earliest national university in modern China—Jingshi University Hall

The earliest school in my country - Xiang

The dynasty in which the earliest schools emerged—Xia

The earliest primary schools and universities—Yin Shang/Shang Dynasty

The oldest school in the world with recorded history - the Ancient Egyptian Palace School

Archaeological excavation of the world’s oldest school—the ancient Babylonian clay tablet bookstore

School education first emerged in slave society

Those who work hard govern others; those who work hard govern others.

Learning is valuable than anything else

Fan Chi asked Jia

A gentleman worries about morality but not about poverty

Xia and Shang - Western Zhou - Spring and Autumn Period

summer

business

Western Zhou Dynasty

spring and autumn

Warring States - Western Han Dynasty - Wei and Jin Dynasties - Sui and Tang Dynasties - Song and Yuan Dynasties - Ming and Qing Dynasties

Warring States Period

Western Han Dynasty

Wei and Jin Dynasties

Sui and Tang Dynasties

Song and Yuan Dynasties

Ming and Qing Dynasties

Ancient India

Ancient Egypt

Ancient Greece

ancient rome

church education

secular education

The first country in the world to popularize compulsory education-Germany (Prussia)

The first person to propose the concept of compulsory education-Martin Luther

Compulsory education begins in primary school

Universal compulsory education begins in: capitalist society

Separate from religion, combine education with labor

Teaching by law

Time: 1860s-1890s

education doctrine

educational content

Establish a new school

Study abroad education, translated books

1898.6.11 (1898 Reform, Hundred Days Reform)

School

measure

representative figure

The establishment of the academic system in the late Qing Dynasty (Renyin academic system, Guimao academic system)

Abolition of the imperial examination and establishment of schools (1905.9) - marking the establishment of the modern academic system

Reform the educational administration system (Guimao academic system)

The rise of overseas education

Cai Yuanpei (Cai Wuyu)

Tao Xingzhi (Tao Shengsheng)

Chen Heqin (Chen Youqin)

Huang Yanpei (Huang Qocao)

Liang Shuming (Liangcun Village)

Yan Yangchu (Yan Minmin)

humanistic education

protestant education

(Preferred) Human modernization

(Second choice) Modernization of teacher quality

(Last) Modernization of educational concepts

Education should adapt to the development needs of modern society for talents as much as possible

Make adjustments according to the general requirements of the social modernization development process

Establishing and forming modern educational concepts is an important prerequisite for ensuring the realization of educational modernization. The modernization of teacher quality is the core of educational modernization. The highest purpose of educational modernization is to realize the modernization of people.

Characteristics: Purposeful, organized, planned

Classification

Characteristics: Unorganized, unsystematic, sometimes even unconscious

eg: reading, reading newspapers, etc.

1. The concept of "lifelong education" is based on the three basic terms of "life, lifelong, and education". Their interpretation basically determines the scope and meaning of lifelong education.

2 Education does not end at the end of formal schooling. It is a lifelong process.

3. Lifelong education is not limited to adult education. It includes and unifies education at all stages and views education comprehensively.

4. Lifelong education includes both formal education, non-formal education and informal education

5. The family plays a decisive role in the early stage of the lifelong education process, and family learning runs throughout a person’s life.

6. Local society also plays an important role in the lifelong education system, which begins when children come into contact with it

7 Educational institutions such as primary and secondary schools, universities and training centers are a type of lifelong education institutions

8. Lifelong education is a vertical aspect that seeks the continuity and consistency of education.

9. Lifelong education seeks the integration of education from the horizontal aspects

10. Lifelong education is the opposite of top-notch education and is universal. It advocates the democratization of education.

11. Characteristics of lifelong education: flexibility and diversity in terms of learning content, means, technology and time.

12. Lifelong education provides the educated with various educational methods and methods to choose from.

13. There are two areas of lifelong education, namely general education and professional education.

14. Lifelong education is a vivid and powerful discussion of education. It enables people to adapt to new developments and change learning content and learning techniques on their own.

15. Realize the adaptive and revolutionary functions of individuals or society through lifelong education

16. Lifelong education implements the function of correction to overcome the characteristics of the current education system

17. The ultimate goal of lifelong education is to maintain and improve the quality of life

18. Three main prerequisites for the implementation of lifelong education

19. Lifelong education is the principle that organizes all education

20. In terms of implementation, lifelong education provides a complete system for all education

four pillars

social function

Individual functions: similar in sex, but far apart in habits

Similar in nature, but far apart in habits

theory of three qualities of sex

Education without distinction

eg: If you can do more than self-cultivation, I may not have no teachings.

Those who excel in learning will become officials (cultivating gentlemen with both political integrity and talent—cultivating political gentlemen with both talent and political integrity from among the common people)

The standard of a gentleman/having both ability and political integrity: aspire to the Tao, base on virtue, rely on benevolence, and indulge in art

The three qualities of a gentleman: a benevolent man does not worry, a knowledgeable man does not confuse, and a brave man does not fear

The process of cultivating a gentleman: A gentleman will never violate benevolence, make mistakes, and follow up.

Learning content: Wen (Six Classics: Poems, Books, Rites, Changes, Music, Spring and Autumn Period), loyalty, conduct, and trustworthiness

Characteristics: Emphasis on social and personnel affairs; Emphasis on personnel and despise military affairs; Despise science and technology and production labor

Combining study, thought (practice) and action

Learning without thinking is a waste, thinking without learning is peril

Be tireless in learning, tireless in teaching, review the past and learn new things, lead by example,

inspiring teaching

Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude

Review the past and learn the new

Combining learning, thinking and doing

Diversion principle

The principle of unity of knowledge and action

role model

comprehensive education

Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude

Consolidative Teaching Principles

step by step

lifelong education

Education and productive labor want to be separated

Pay attention to interests and emotions

The theory of good nature/theory of inner development

What a person can do without learning is his good ability; what he knows without worrying about it is his good knowledge.

Ming Dynasty

The ideal personality of a man

Self-satisfied with further study

Yingke enters

concentrate

Teach students in accordance with their aptitude/teach many skills

social function

individual function

Those who work hard will govern others, those who work hard will govern others - separation of labor and education

The theory of good nature/theory of inner development

The earliest use of "teaching" and "education" together

Education is separated from productive labor

step by step

Practical training method

Mencius VS Dong Zhongshu

Mencius VS Wang Shouren

Human nature is evil, and the good ones are fake

The theory of evil nature - the theory of external sparkle - the role of education in "turning nature into false"

"The nature becomes false"

Cultivate great scholars

Hear – See – Know – Act

Not hearing it is worse than hearing it, hearing it is worse than seeing it - the principle of intuition

Knowing is not as good as doing it--the principle of unity of knowledge and action/the principle of integrating theory with practice

Status: Master of the Lord of Heaven and Earth/Master Yun Yiyun

Teacher role

Green comes from blue and green comes from blue

The sons of Qian, Yue, Yi, and Luo were born with the same voice, grew up with different customs, and were taught to do so.

The fluffy hemp grows upright without support; the white sand grows black in the nirvana.

Xunzi's "Encouraging Learning"

Therefore, if you do not accumulate steps, you cannot reach a thousand miles; if you do not accumulate small streams, you cannot reach a river or sea. -- step by step

Therefore, learning only ends with etiquette. This is called the ultimate level of morality - it was the earliest to use "Tao" and "De" together.

The learning of a gentleman enters the ears, sticks to the heart, spreads throughout the four bodies, and is shaped by movement and stillness - the principle of the unity of knowledge and action

step by step principle

intuitiveness principle

The principle of unity of knowledge and action/the principle of integrating theory with practice

Susi theory of human nature

Universal love, non-aggression

Cultivate "concurrent scholars" or "sages"

three standards

Science & Technology

thinking ability

Education that values ​​science and technology education and thinking skills

Initiative, creation, practice, ability

source of human knowledge

"Exquisite learning", "foolish people"

Tao follows nature and governs by doing nothing

cultural degeneration theory

Theory of return of human nature

Absolute Holy Abandonment of Wisdom

It is an absolute theory of "evil nature"

From the "Book of Rites", a Confucian treatise on "The Way of the University", later included in the "Four Books"

Three Programs

eight entries

From "Book of Rites", written by Zisi, one of the four books

Learn it eruditely, interrogate it, think it over carefully, discern it clearly, and practice it sincerely

Being eager to learn is close to knowledge, practicing hard is close to benevolence, and being aware of shame is close to courage.

At the end of the Warring States Period, according to Guo Moruo's research, Mencius' student was Zheng Ke (author). The full text is 1,229 words.

The Prototype of Pedagogy/is the first book/monograph in ancient China that specifically discusses education and teaching issues in the world.

Education and society/The importance of education and the relationship between education and politics

education and personal

Teaching and learning

Respect for teachers

Tibetan and breath supplements/combination of inside and outside the classroom

Sun Mo of Yu Dynasty

Inspirational induction/heuristic teaching

Learn from each other's strengths and make up for your weaknesses

Acceptability principle/measurability principle

Learning is not equivalent to the five senses, the five senses have to be cured

A good scholar will get twice the result if he fails to teach, and then he will become mediocre

A bad scholar is a diligent teacher but achieves half the result, and therefore resents him

Enrollment in recent years and school entrance exams in middle age. One year of Shilijing distinguishes the will. Three years of dedication and dedication, five years of erudite learning as a personal teacher, seven years of theoretical study and making friends are called small successes; nine years of being knowledgeable and understanding, being strong and not rebelling, are called great successes.

A Neo-Confucian in the Southern Song Dynasty, he compiled the "Collected Annotations of the Four Books" (Collected Annotations of the Four Books, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and Annotations of Mencius).

Theory of human nature: the nature of destiny, the nature of temperament

Preserve heaven's principles and destroy human desires

On the Ming Dynasty - Mencius proposed Zhu Xi's promotion

Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude

step by step

heuristic principle

Elementary school: teaching

University: Catechism (Four Books and Five Classics)

For the first time, primary school education and university education are theoretically examined as a unified process.

step by step

Read carefully and think carefully

Be open-minded and ponder (chew again and again, ponder carefully)

Personal experience

Tighten and exert force

Stay respectful and uphold your ambition (the most important, the most critical)

Loose deadlines, stick to courses, start small courses, and put in a lot of effort—close to modern courses

Wang Shouren (Wang Yangming), also known as Bo'an, was an educator in the mid-Ming Dynasty.

Human nature says: The heart is the principle (conscience is the principle of heaven/my principle is nothing other than my heart). It is innate and can be learned by itself without teaching.

To conscience (the essence of the heart)

Comply with children's temperament and "follow the person's limitations"; teach according to one's ability (teach students in accordance with their aptitude, step by step)

Most children's joyful play is like the germination of plants and trees.

Learn to get rid of obscurity, clarify your mind, and develop a conscience

Confucius in Han Dynasty

The three qualities of sex (emphasis on genetics)

Depose hundreds of schools of thought and only respect Confucianism

Promote Taixue (the first fully regulated school) to educate scholars

Pay attention to elections and appoint talents

three cardinal principles

Wuchang

Positive nature, casual nature, suffering nature (focus on prenatal education)

Literary official, Confucian scholar, general person, literati, great scholar

Hongru

Learning and hearing, thinking and seeking retreat (asking questions and distance from teachers) - independent thinking

Applying exhaustion--the effect of practice on ability/intelligence

Writing a book: taking the lead in cultivating creative talents

Northern and Southern Dynasties - Sui Dynasty

"Yan Family Instructions" - the first family textbook in feudal society

The most erudite and thoughtful scholar

Scholar-official education/talents for governing the country (scholar-officials)

Morality, art (extensive knowledge/learning)

Study diligently, learn from each other, and learn with your eyes (study and study in person)

Teach early and be strict and compassionate (the principle of combining respect, trust and strict requirements)

Pay attention to children's education

Living with good people is like entering a house of orchids, which will become fragrant over time. Living with evil people is like living in a den of abalone, and you will stink of yourself over time (emphasis on the role of environment)

"Teacher's Talk"

Three levels of sex (upper level, middle level, lower level)

The teachings of the first kings of the Ming Dynasty, learning is the Tao

Confucian classics

Teachers’ functions/roles/tasks: preaching, imparting knowledge, and solving doubts

Teacher-student relationship

Diligence, proficiency, originality

Human nature is learned (emphasis on environment)

Nature means birth, the day it is born, the day it will become; the day it is born, it will become day by day.

educational tasks

moral requirements

Teaching content

teaching method

Moral Education Theory

educational purposes

saying

status

political outlook

Two world views

Educational outlook

educational purposes

epistemology

education doctrine

educational content

children education

Plato's "The Republic", Rousseau's "Emile", and Dewey's "Democracy and Education" are known as the three major milestones in the history of Western educational thought.

Status: Ancient Greek encyclopedic philosopher

Thought

book

educational purposes

Educational Principles/Methods

educational content

education doctrine

liberal education/liberal education

Democratic and equal teacher-student relationship: I love my teacher, and I love the truth even more

Quote: Education should be public, not private

It was the first to propose that education be divided according to the laws of children's development.

Cicero's "On Oratory" elaborated on the qualities that an orator should possess and the content and methods of education, which had a great influence on Quintilian's thought.

status

book

learning process

He was the first to put forward the idea of ​​divided class teaching/class teaching, which was the bud of the class teaching system.

educational purposes

Pedagogy began to become a symbol of an independent discipline/the works that established pedagogy in the 17th century

1632, the first educational book in modern times

The world's first book on preschool education

The world's first illustrated textbook for children/The world's first illustrated textbook

Teach all knowledge to everyone - encyclopedic content

Education should follow the principle of human natural development/education should adapt to nature

Intuitiveness--the first to propose/first principles/golden rules of teaching

Systematic

Capacity

solidity

consciousness

prudence, temperance, fortitude, justice

Version 2: Wisdom, courage, temperance, justice, labor

Divide education into physical education, moral education, and intellectual education

The first novel-style educational work, which educates the hypothetical educational target Emile.

"Everything from the hand of the Creator is good"--Negative education

self-inflicted

Trapp--the first professor of education

The earliest teaching and research institution: Gogentin

The earliest use of diary description method in my country - "Research on Children's Psychology" by Chen Heqin

The first person to propose the idea of ​​combining education and productive labor--(Fourier)

Status: The first modern educational book

1806, marking the establishment of standardized pedagogy

Marks the official birth of education as a standardized independent discipline

educational teaching principles

Ethics and psychology as the theoretical basis of education

Ethics (practical teaching) reveals the purpose of education-freedom, perfection, kindness, justice, fairness,

Psychology (apperception) reveals the ways, means, and obstacles of education

Teacher Center

Textbook Center

classroom center

Ming (clear)

Lenovo (United)

system

method

Xiao Ming contacted Xiao Fang to explore the trip together

Status: marking the formal formation of the theory of the teaching process

Apperception theory emphasizes that the formation and learning of new ideas and knowledge are always based on original knowledge/the connection between new and old knowledge

Morality is the highest and ultimate goal of education

Children's Center/Student Center

activity Center

experience center

Teach by doing, learn by doing, seek progress by doing

Teaching and doing as one

Use both hands and brain, integrating learning and doing

Learn by doing

Education has no purpose other than itself. It is its own purpose. It mainly emphasizes the inner purpose of education.

The process of education is in itself - the theory of education adapting to life

The purpose of education is to enable individuals to continue their education, or the purpose and reward of learning is the ability to continue to grow

"On the Soul"

He was the first to advocate that "education should be adapted to children's age" and "education should be carried out to develop harmoniously in all aspects of morality, intelligence and physical fitness"

The earliest educator in the world to propose the multi-faceted and harmonious development of morality, intelligence, and physique.

"Education Talk"

For the first time in the history of Western education, education is divided into three parts: moral education, intellectual education, and physical education. For the first time, the three major components of education: moral education, intellectual education, and physical education are clearly distinguished and elaborated on.

In the history of modern Western education, it was the first person to propose the coordinated development of several aspects of morality, intelligence, and physical education.

"On Education"

For the first time, the theoretical concepts of moral education, intellectual education, and physical education were clearly proposed, and education including moral, intellectual, and physical education was regarded as a complete education system.

"The Theory of Heavenly Evolution"

Our country was the first to put forward the three education theories of "morality, intelligence, and physical education"

Bacon: first proposed

News: to make it happen

Kant: First Lecture

Bart: to regulate

Dewey: Really Modern

Aristotle: For the first time "education follows nature"

Comenius: Follow man’s natural development (education adapts to nature)

Rousseau: Naturalism

Kant: Follow human nature

Pestalozzi: Follow natural development and advocate psychological development

Froebel: Education conforms to nature

Modern Pedagogy and Modern Pedagogy—Time (Comenius and Herbart)

Traditional education and modern education—perspectives (Herbart and Dewey)

"The Theory of Great Teaching" - the first book on education in modern times, marking the beginning of education as an independent discipline

"General Pedagogy" - the first educational book in modern times, marking the official birth of pedagogy as a standardized and independent discipline.

"National Education and Democratic System" - the earliest discussion of educational issues based on Marxism

"On Communist Education" "Teachers are engineers of the human soul"

"On Communist Education", "Educational Poetry" and "Flag on the Tower"

Target audience: street children and juvenile delinquents

educational principles

1939 "Pedagogy"--the world's first Marxist pedagogy work--Teacher Center

"New Education Outline"--my country's first Marxist education work

Whole life guidance-all-round development

Opposing the political and economic shortcomings of industrial society

Adapt to new social needs through reform

The "laboratories" of progressive theory are primarily America's public schools

Dewey

Parker's "Quincy Method": the father of progressive education

Johnson's School of Organic Education

Walter's Gray system/two-part system/dual school system/separate discussion

Paxter's Dalton System

Huaxupeng's Wennate card system

Kerberk's design teaching method (unit teaching method)

Structuralism

discovery teaching

developmental teaching theory

in principle

Achieve the most ideal development level with the best teaching effect

Example teaching

Individual-type-law-experience

Fundamentals - concept, structure

Basic-adaptive intelligence

example

Seek reasonable teaching plans under certain teaching conditions and spend the least time and energy to obtain the best teaching results.