MindMap Gallery Biochemistry Chapter 9 Synthesis and Decomposition of Lipids
This is a mind map about Chapter 9 Synthesis and Decomposition of Lipids. The main content includes: lipids, lipids, fats Anabolism, catabolism of fat.
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Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
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[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
Chapter nine Synthesis and decomposition of lipids
1||| Lipids
mark
Classified by function
active lipids
Participate in life activities
Terpenes, sterols
storage lipids
store energy
fat, wax
structural lipids
constitute biofilm
Phospholipids, glycolipids
Classified by chemical composition and structure
Contains fatty acids
Simple lipids: esters formed from fatty acids and alcohols (glycerol or higher monohydric alcohols) through ester bonds
Acylglycerides (fats)
wax
Complex lipids: molecules containing fatty acids, alcohols and phosphates (sugar, sulfide)
Phospholipids
Glycolipids, sulfur
Free of fatty acids
Non-saponifiable lipids (isoprene lipids)
Terpenes, sterols
2||| Fatty anabolic
Biosynthesis of glycerol-3-phosphate (activation of glycerol)
Produced by the interaction of glycerol and ATP
Reduced from dihydroxyacetone phosphate in EMP
Fatty acid biosynthesis
From scratch pathway: total synthesis pathway, which is carried out in the cytoplasm in animals and in chloroplasts or protoplasts in plants
De novo synthesis of saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid): only saturated fatty acid-ACP with 16 carbons or less can be synthesized
Synthetic raw materials (acetyl CoA)
Two enzyme systems involved in synthesis
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
Catalyzes the conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA
fatty acid synthase system
Composed of 6 enzymes and 1 protein factor
The first stage: acyl transfer stage
① Acetyl transfer
② Malonic acid monoacyl transfer
The second stage (circulation stage)
[Condensation, reduction (hydrogenation), dehydration, reduction (hydrogenation)] seven cycles
Carbon chain extension pathway: adding 2 carbons to the existing fatty acid chain, the enzyme is located in mitochondria and microsomes
Mitochondrial fatty acid elongation enzyme system: elongates short-chain fatty acids, and the process is the reverse process of β-oxidation.
Endoplasmic reticulum fatty acid elongation enzyme system: elongates saturated or unsaturated long-chain fatty acids, and its intermediate process is similar to the fatty acid synthase system.
Synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids
Produced by fatty acyl-coA desaturase
fat biosynthesis
3 molecules of fatty acylCoA (activated form of fatty acid)
1 molecule of glycerol-3-phosphate (activated form of glycerol)
Under the action of acyltransferase (glyceryl acyltransferase)
Fat
3||| fat catabolism
fat hydrolysis
Decomposed by triacylglycerol lipase
glycerin
Pyruvate
glycogen or glucose
fatty acid
Alpha-oxidation: Fatty acid oxidation occurs on the alpha-carbon atom, decomposing CO2 and producing fatty acids with one less carbon atom than the original ones.
The essential α-hydroxy acid oxidative decarboxylase system plays an important role in degrading branched chain fatty acids, odd chain fatty acids, and excessive long chain fatty acids.
β-Oxidation: When fatty acids are oxidized in the body, oxidation occurs between the α and β carbon atoms at the carboxyl end. The carbon chain is broken successively, each time breaking off a two-carbon unit, namely acetyl CoA. This process is called β-oxidation.
Preparation for beta-oxidation: activation and transport of fatty acids
Activation of fatty acids—generation of fatty acyl-CoA
2. Fatty acylCoA enters the mitochondria from the cytosol to the carnitine shuttle
Beta-oxidation pathway (biochemical process)
[Dehydrogenation, hydration, further dehydrogenation, and thiolysis] are carried out in a cycle, and 2 carbons are removed each time
Energy release (taking 16-carbon palmitic acid as an example, for every 2 carbons added, there is one more round of β-oxidation)
The fate of β-oxidation product-acetyl CoA
Omega-oxidation: The terminal methyl group (ω-end) of the fatty acid is oxidized and converted into a hydroxyl group, and then oxidized to a carboxyl group, thereby forming α, ω-dicarboxylic acid and entering β-oxidation.
Fatty acids do not undergo activation, and both ends undergo β-oxidation at the same time, which accelerates the oxidative degradation rate of fatty acids.
4||| lipids
Glycerophospholipid
Glyceroglycolipids
cholesterol
[Objective] Focus on mastering the oxidative decomposition pathways of fatty acids in organisms—β-oxidation and de novo synthesis pathways