1. type of memory
short term memory
Short duration, a few seconds to minutes
long term memory
Long lasting, from a few minutes to a lifetime
Virtually unlimited capacity
Includes explicit memory (facts and figures) and implicit memory (skills and habits)
2. memory process
Encoding: Converting observed information into memory
Storage: The process of retaining encoded information
Retrieval: access and recover stored information
3. Ways to improve memory
Improve concentration: avoid distractions and stay on task
Effective Encoding Techniques: Use Association, Repetition, and Storytelling to Strengthen Memory
Regular review: Deepen memory through spaced repetition
Healthy living habits: ensure adequate sleep, healthy diet, and regular exercise
Reduce stress: Stress can affect memory, and it’s important to find ways to reduce stress.
4. Brain cell mechanism of memory
1. neuroplasticity
Definition: Neuroplasticity is the brain’s ability to change its structure and function and is the basis of learning and memory.
type:
Structural plasticity: changes in the number and location of neuronal connections.
Functional plasticity: changes in the efficiency of communication between neurons.
2. Synaptic strengthening (long-term potentiation, LTP)
Definition: Refers to the phenomenon that synaptic connections between neurons become stronger after continued stimulation.
Mechanism: Enhances the transmission of nerve signals by increasing the number or sensitivity of receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
Importance: Considered to be the molecular basis of learning and memory formation.
3. Neural circuits and memory
Hippocampus: Plays a central role in long-term memory formation, especially in the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories.
Prefrontal cortex: Related to decision-making, planning, and inhibitory control, and also involved in complex cognitive tasks, including the retrieval of memories.
Amygdala: Processes emotional memories, especially those related to fear.
4. Neurotransmitters and memory
Acetylcholine: Linked to enhanced learning and memory, particularly in the hippocampus.
Glutamate: As the primary excitatory neurotransmitter, it is critical for LTP and memory formation.
Dopamine and serotonin: affect mood and motivation, and indirectly affect learning and memory.
5. memory forgetting mechanism
Synaptic weakening (long-term weakening, LTD): As opposed to LTP, it is a phenomenon in which the strength of connections between neurons weakens and is related to forgetfulness.
Neuronal reorganization: Old neural connections are replaced by new experiences, possibly leading to the loss of old memories.
6. Frontiers of Memory Research
Gene Expression and Memory: Studying how specific genes influence neuroplasticity and memory formation.
Neuroimaging techniques: Use techniques such as MRI and PET scans to observe brain activity to understand the neural basis of memory.
5. Strategies to Improve Memory
Lifestyle adjustments: including diet, exercise and sleep.
Memory techniques: such as using associations and making mind maps.
Practice regularly: Strengthen memory through repetition and practice.
Reduce stress: Reduce stress with relaxation techniques.
6. Scientific research and practical suggestions
Cognitive training programs: such as memory games and cognitive tasks
Psychological interventions: such as mindfulness meditation and cognitive behavioral therapy
Lifestyle Adjustments: Changing Your Living Habits to Support Brain Health
7. Factors affecting memory
Physiological factors: such as sleep and diet.
Psychological factors: such as attention and emotional state.
Environmental factors: such as review environment and whether there is interference.
8. memory definition
Memory is an important area of study in psychology that involves the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
9. The laws and characteristics of memory
1. Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
Forgetting speed: The speed of information forgetting is very fast at first and slows down as time goes by.
The effect of review: Regular review can significantly slow down the speed of forgetting.
2. constructive nature of memory
Memory is not a simple recording or filming, but a process of reconstruction during recall.
Memory is affected by current mental state and environment.
3. Coding Specificity Principle
Memory retrieval is related to factors such as the environment and emotional state at the time of encoding.
The more similar the learning and recall environments are, the better the memory retrieval will be.
4. context dependence of memory
The physical environment has an impact on memory retrieval.
Emotional state is also an important factor, known as emotion-dependent memory.
5. distributed practice effect
Distributed learning (spaced learning) works better than centralized learning (one-shot learning).
Repeated review in a short period of time is more conducive to the formation of long-term memory than one-time study over a long period of time.
6. Deep processing theory
The depth of information processing affects the persistence of memory.
Deep processing (understanding the meaning of information) is more conducive to long-term memory retention than shallow processing (such as repetition).
7. Diversity of memory
Different types of memory (such as semantic memory, episodic memory) follow different rules.
Skill learning (implicit memory) has different storage and retrieval mechanisms than fact memory (explicit memory).
8. memory retrieval cues
Retrieval cues can aid memory retrieval.
The more specific the clue, the greater the likelihood of retrieving the memory.
10. Reason for forgetting
Encoding failure: Information is not successfully converted into long-term memory
Storage decay: Memories fade over time
Retrieval failed: memory exists, but is temporarily inaccessible
11. Factors affecting forgetting
1. Encoding failed
Definition: Information is not efficiently encoded before entering long-term memory.
Reason: Distraction is one of the main reasons.
2. storage decay
Definition: A memory trace that becomes weaker and weaker over time until it disappears.
Theory: Temporal decay theory suggests that forgetting occurs because memories naturally decay over time.
3. interference theory
Competitive interference: Old and new information interfere with each other, including:
Positive interference: Newly learned information interferes with recall of old information.
Reverse interference: Old information interferes with the learning and memory of new information.
Theoretical basis: It is believed that forgetting is not due to memory loss, but due to competition or confusion between multiple pieces of information.
4. Retrieval failed
Definition: Information remains stored in the brain but cannot be retrieved when needed.
Reason: There is a lack of effective clues or the clues do not match the learning environment.
5. Emotions and mental states
Emotional amnesia: Intense emotional states, especially negative emotions, may interfere with the memory and retrieval of information.
Stress and Anxiety: Excessive stress and anxiety can impair memory encoding and retrieval.
6. physiological factors
Brain injury: Physical damage that causes memory loss, such as a concussion or other type of brain injury.
Drugs and Alcohol: Certain drugs and excessive alcohol consumption can affect the encoding and retrieval of memories.
7. motivational forgetting
Psychological Suppression: Individuals may unintentionally choose to forget memories that are unpleasant or cause distress.
Motivated forgetting theory: It is believed that forgetting is a defense mechanism to help individuals cope with emotional conflicts or stress.
12. Theories related to forgetting
1. Trace Decay Theory
Trace Decay Theory
Definition: A memory trace that gradually decays and disappears over time.
Application: Mainly explains the forgetting of short-term memory.
2. Interference Theory
Interference Theory
Definition: The memory of one type of information interferes with the memory of another type of information, leading to forgetting.
type:
Forward interference: Earlier learning interferes with later memory.
Reverse interference: Recent learning interferes with memory of previous learning.
3. Retrieval Failure Theory
Definition: A memory that remains but cannot be retrieved due to missing or inappropriate retrieval cues.
Examples: cue-dependent forgetting, context effects.
4. Motivated Forgetting Theory
Motivated forgetting theory (motivated forgetting theory)
Definition: An individual unconsciously or consciously chooses to forget certain memories because of the pain or discomfort they cause.
type:
Inhibitory amnesia: Active suppression of unpleasant memories.
The psychological defense mechanism of forgetting: As a defense mechanism against psychological trauma.
5. Encoding Failure Theory
Definition: Information is never effectively encoded into long-term memory and therefore cannot be recalled.
Example: Divided attention results in information being under-noticed and encoded.
6. Consolidation Failure
Update paper (integration failed)
Definition: Memory is interrupted during the formation process (i.e., the consolidation stage), resulting in forgetting.
Contributing factors: Such as brain damage or alcohol consumption.
7. Emotional Forgetting
Definition: Emotional factors influence the encoding and retrieval of memory, especially negative emotions.
Mechanism: Emotion regulation strategies, such as reappraisal or suppression, influence memory processes.
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