The random movement of small particles suspended in a liquid

Essence: irregular movement of liquid molecules

Crystals such as quartz, mica, alum, table salt, monosodium glutamate, copper sulfate, etc.

Amorphous, such as glass, beeswax, rosin, asphalt, rubber, etc.

Single crystals have regular geometric shapes, while polycrystals and amorphous crystals do not have regular geometric shapes; Crystals have a definite melting point, while amorphous crystals have no definite melting point.

Anisotropy: Some crystals have different thermal and electrical conductivity properties in different directions. Some crystals have different optical properties along different directions

Isotropy: The physical properties of amorphous and polycrystalline are the same in all directions

surface tension of liquid

Infiltration and non-infiltration

Capillary phenomenon: refers to the phenomenon of wetting liquid rising in thin tubes. and the phenomenon of non-wetting liquids descending in thin tubes. The thinner the capillary tube, the more obvious the capillary phenomenon.

liquid crystal

gas pressure

ideal gas

Boyle's law

Charlie's Law

Gay-Lussac's law

ideal gas equation of state

There are two ways to change the internal energy of an object: work and heat transfer

Content: The internal energy change of a thermodynamic system is equal to the external environment The sum of the heat transferred to it and the work done on it by the outside world

Expression: ΔU=Q W (where W is positive, the outside world does work on the object When W is negative, the object does work on the outside world; when Q is positive, the object absorbs Heat, when Q is negative, the object releases heat; when ΔU is positive, the internal energy When ΔU is negative, the internal energy decreases. )

Clausius's expression: Heat cannot spontaneously transfer from a low-temperature object to a high-temperature object.

Kelvin's expression: It is impossible to absorb heat from a single heat reservoir and turn it into a complete success. without any other impact

Energy dissipation: No matter how large the amount of internal energy dispersed in the environment, It can only warm the earth's atmosphere a little, but it can no longer It automatically gathers together to drive the machine to do work.

Content: Energy neither creates nor disappears out of thin air. It can only be converted from one form to another, or Transferred from one object to another, then transformed or transferred During the process, the total amount of energy remains unchanged.

Conditionality: The law of conservation of energy is a universal law of nature. Whether a certain form of energy is conserved is conditional.

r>r. When , the attraction is greater than the repulsion

r=r. When , the attraction is equal to the repulsion

r<r. When , the attractive force is smaller than the repulsive force

All systems in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature

Molecular kinetic energy is the energy of thermal motion of molecules

The average kinetic energy of thermal motion of molecules is the average kinetic energy of thermal motion of all molecules, and temperature is a symbol of the average kinetic energy of thermal motion of molecules.

The total kinetic energy of thermal motion of molecules is the sum of the kinetic energy of thermal motion of all molecules in the object

Meaning: Due to the attraction and repulsion between molecules, molecules have energies determined by their relative positions.

determining factors

Definition: The sum of the thermal kinetic energy and molecular potential energy of all molecules in an object

Determining factor: For a given object, its internal energy is determined by the temperature and volume of the object, that is, it is determined by the internal state of the object

Influencing factors: The internal energy of an object has nothing to do with the object’s position and speed.

Two ways to change the internal energy of an object: work and heat transfer