The essence of learning lies in forming certain connections, namely stimulus-response connections.

Definition: The learning process of humans and animals is defined as the connection between stimulus and response (s-r), and it is believed that the acquisition of knowledge and skills must be through a process of trial-error-trying.

Certain connections need to be established through trial and error and follow certain rules.

Acquisition, reinforcement, extinction

generalize

Differentiation (discrimination)

advanced conditioning

Two signaling systems theory

Can be used to explain many learning phenomena in education

Can control student behavior to a certain extent

Psychotherapy using the principle of classical conditioning can correct students' deviant behaviors and eliminate students' fear of certain things

Learning is essentially a change in response probability, and reinforcement is a means to enhance response probability

There are two types of behaviors in humans and animals: responsive behaviors (caused by specific stimuli - blinking in the wind) and operant behaviors (voluntary responses made spontaneously by the organism - babies mumbling to themselves)

Reinforcement includes positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

Escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning (negative reinforcement)

punishment and extinction

Procedural teaching (principles followed: small steps, self-paced, timely reinforcement, positive response, low error rate principle)

The basic procedures of behavior modification: determine the target behavior, establish the baseline level of the target behavior, select reinforcers, determine punishment and punishment standards if necessary, implement behavior modification procedures, observe the target behavior and compare with the baseline level, reduce the frequency of reinforcement - multi-purpose Positive reinforcement shapes benign behaviors and uses non-reinforcement methods to eliminate negative behaviors)

Gong Xian: Skinner overcame the limitations of Thorndike, Watson and other connectionist theories in explaining learning phenomena, expanded the vision of quasi-connectionists, and enabled people to successfully predict, control, shape, and correct behaviors.

Limitations: It is too narrow-minded to equate human learning with that of animals and simply boil it down to operant conditioning.

Experimental explanation of reward and punishment control; children receive vicarious reinforcement by observing the behavior of role models, which causes the increase and suppression of corresponding behaviors.

The consequences of a model's aggressive behavior are the determining factor in whether children spontaneously imitate this behavior

The consequences of role model behavior only affect the performance of children's aggressive behavior, but have little impact on the learning of aggressive behavior.

Definition: People can learn indirectly by observing other people’s behaviors and the consequences of their behaviors, and guide learners to behave accordingly.

Basic process: The attention process is the first stage of observational learning. Factors affecting attention - characteristics of the model's behavior, characteristics of the model, characteristics of the observer.

Retention process: convert the learner's momentary experience into symbolic concepts, forming internal representations and retaining them in memory. This process depends on the representation system, language system, and action system.

Action reproduction process: it is the transformation of symbolic representations into appropriate behaviors. Even if a person is fully aware of the modeled behavior and remembers it in his or her mind, the individual will still be unable to reproduce the behavior without the appropriate motor abilities.

Motivational process: determines which of the learned processes will be displayed. Bandura distinguishes acquisition from behavior and believes that behavioral performance is controlled by motivational variables. Motivational processes include: external, substitution and self-reinforcement.

Choose appropriate model behaviors and model the model behaviors repeatedly. Observation learning exists in large quantities, - learning and moral education

Teachers should guide students to learn and maintain model behaviors, encourage and praise good ones, criticize and educate wrong ones

It is necessary to give full play to the role of substitute reinforcement and self-reinforcement, and give full play to the learner's initiative

Eliminate bad role model behavior from the environment

The essence of learning is to actively form cognitive structures rather than passively forming stimulus-response connections.

Learning includes three processes: acquisition, transformation and evaluation of knowledge

Application - The ultimate goal of learning any subject is to build a good cognitive structure for students

The purpose of teaching is to understand the basic structure of the subject

in principle

discovery learning

General steps

The Four Principles of Discovery Learning

Students are the active agents of discovery and learning, and the role of teachers is

evaluate

The essence of meaningful learning:

Conditions that influence meaningful learning

Subordinate learning (generic learning) In the cognitive structure, the original relevant concepts are higher in the level of inclusion and generalization than the newly learned knowledge

Superior learning

side by side learning

Advance organizer - a type of guiding material presented before the learning task itself

define

evaluate