Origin: The state is the product and manifestation of irreconcilable class contradictions

Elements: population, territory, political power, sovereignty (the most important elements)

Nature: The nature of a country is the class nature of the country. The nature of the ruling class determines the nature of the country.

democracy

dictatorship

The connection between the two: Democracy and dictatorship are interdependent

State system: nature of the state (people’s democratic dictatorship), content (who is in power)

Political system: The organizational form of state power is also the form of state management (the People's Congress system), the form (how to hold power)

Contact between the two

People's Congress System

parliamentary system

Democratic Republic: The head of state is elected and has a certain term of office. It is the product of a relatively thorough bourgeois revolution.

Constitutional monarchy: The hereditary monarch serves as the head of state, the monarch's power is limited, the term of the head of state is lifelong, the product of incomplete bourgeois revolution or improvement of the monarchy

Parliamentary system: The core of power is the parliament, and the authority of the head of state is empty.

Presidential system: The core of power is the president, and the authority of the head of state is the real power.

One-party system: one political party legally exists and controls power, characterized by a high degree of unity of the party and a high degree of centralization of power by individuals (fascist, contemporary nationalist countries)

Two-party system: Two evenly matched political parties alternately govern, characterized by the fact that both parties are run by parties controlled by the monopoly bourgeoisie (United States, United Kingdom)

Multi-party system: A political party system in which multiple political parties compete for national political positions and form a government through a party alliance. The characteristic is that the common organizational form is a party alliance (France, Germany, Japan, India, China)

Political party: has specific political goals and ideologies, participates in the electoral process, is responsible to the public, obtains or participates in political power, has diverse membership, limited number, and integration of interests

Interest group: has no specific political goals and ideologies, exists outside the electoral process, has no obligation to be responsible to the public, has made influence on government decisions to realize its own interests, has a single membership, is numerous in number, and has common interests.

Essence: The legal basis for the existence of a modern state is unified and indivisible, and a state has the supreme and exclusive political rights over the area under its jurisdiction.

Basic rights: the right to independence (to handle internal affairs according to one's own will), jurisdiction, the right to equality (all have equal status under international law), the right to self-defense (the right to defend one's own survival and independence)

A unified country can only have one central government

The division of powers between the central government and local governments at all levels is stipulated in the national constitution

The relationship between the central and local governments in my country

Centralized type: no local autonomy (France)

Decentralized type: local governments have autonomy (UK)

Unitary system: a single sovereign state composed of several administrative regions. It has only one legislative body, one constitution, one central government, one nationality, and powers are delegated by the central government. The central government exercises unified diplomatic powers (China, France, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom)

Federalism: A country composed of complete political entities that enjoy relative sovereignty. Each federation has multiple legislative bodies. Each federation has its own constitution. Each federation also has its own central authority. There are federal citizens and federal members. Citizenship rights are transferred from the constituent units to federal localities. Diplomatic power (Germany, Russia, India, Brazil)

The same thing: they are all forms of national structure and the issue of vertical distribution of state power is the result of the combined effect of various factors.

Performance: The world is forming several political and economic power centers

Role: Conducive to world peace and development

Reasons: The world's forces are complex, interest relationships are redifferentiated and combined, relations between major powers have undergone major and profound adjustments, and the international landscape is developing towards multipolarity.

Process: Multipolarization is a development trend, an evolutionary process full of twists and turns and complex struggles.

Power: United States, China, European Union, Russia, Japan, India

International relations are complex and ever-changing

National interests and national strength are the decisive factors affecting international relations

National interests are the reflection of the will and interests of the country’s ruling class

Common interests between countries are the basis for cooperation, while opposing interests are the root cause of national conflicts.

Safeguarding national interests is sovereignty and the starting point and end point of a country’s foreign activities.

A powerful guarantee for safeguarding national interests is strong national strength

No country should violate other countries' sovereignty and security or interfere in other countries' internal affairs on the pretext of safeguarding their own national interests.

Our country is a socialist country in which the people are the masters of the country. National interests are consistent with the fundamental interests of the people. To safeguard national interests is to safeguard the fundamental interests of the people.

Development is the key to solving all problems

Peace is the prerequisite for development, and development is the foundation of peace

Economic globalization: It has deepened the interdependence of countries, and the willingness to jointly maintain and promote world peace and development has continued to increase.

Multipolarity of the world: The checks and balances between different power centers strengthen the power to maintain world peace and promote common development.

Science and technology: The development of science and technology has greatly changed the face of international relations and war.

International coordination mechanism: Negotiation and dialogue have become the main means of resolving conflicts

Hegemonism and power politics: essentially putting one's own country's interests above the legitimate interests of other countries

Gap between rich and poor: The most prominent problem in global development is the uneven development between the north and the south.

Global issues: Frequent local turbulence, food security, energy and resource security and other global issues are prominent.

Jointly safeguard the international order and system with the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter as the core

Promote the construction of a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness, justice, and win-win cooperation

Resolutely oppose hegemonism and power politics and promote the establishment of a new international order

Promote democratization of international relations

Promote institutional reform and construction of the global governance system and discuss, build and share a global governance system

Advocate for China

reason

Requirements: Oppose hegemonic power politics, jointly promote the establishment of a global governance system, better protect the development rights and interests of developing countries, and jointly promote the democratization of international relations.

Determining factors: national interests. The nature of the country determines that our country pursues an independent foreign policy of peace.

The basic position is independence

The purpose is to maintain world peace and promote common development

The basic goal is to safeguard our country's sovereignty, security and development interests and promote world peace and development.

The basic norms are the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence

Significance: It provides fundamental compliance and action guidance for China’s diplomacy in the new era, and points the way for exploring and solving various complex problems in today’s world.

Core Concept: Building a community with a shared future for mankind

Core Essentials: Ten Persistences

Requirements: Comprehensively implement Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy, and continuously create good external conditions for realizing the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and promoting the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind.

Connotation: Adhere to dialogue and consultation to build a world of lasting peace Adhere to co-construction and sharing and uphold a universally safe world Adhere to win-win cooperation and build a world of common prosperity Adhere to exchanges and mutual learning to build an open and inclusive world Adhere to green and low carbon and build a clean and beautiful world

Requirements: Politically, mutual respect and equal consultation, resolutely abandon the Cold War mentality and power politics, and engage in dialogue rather than confrontation. In terms of security, we insist on resolving disputes through dialogue and resolving differences through consultation. Economically, we work together to promote trade and investment liberalization and facilitation and promote economic globalization. Culturally, respect the diversity of world civilizations Ecologically, adhere to environmental friendliness and cooperate to deal with climate change.

Significance: Inheriting and developing major diplomatic thoughts and ideas in different periods of New China Reflects the excellent Chinese and foreign cultures and the pursuit of common values ​​of all mankind Adapted to the historic changes in the relationship between China and the world in the new era It points out the direction of world development and the future of mankind.

Significant value: Building a community with a shared future for mankind, contributing Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions

China Action: Adhere to the basic national policy of opening up to the outside world, focus on the joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative, insist on equal emphasis on bringing in and going out, follow the principle of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, strengthen open cooperation in innovation capabilities, support the multilateral trading system, and build a community with a shared future for mankind.

Fundamental factors: material and technical foundation

Fundamental motivation: the pursuit of national interests by all countries in the world

Institutional foundation: The market economic system lays the institutional foundation for economic globalization.

Meaning: Establishing a branch or subsidiary through foreign direct investment based on the home country

Status: a powerful carrier of economic globalization

Purpose: To achieve the greatest benefit

Influence

opportunity

challenge

Requirements: Seize opportunities, actively participate, and bravely face challenges, work together to achieve win-win cooperation

Guide the direction of economic globalization: Promote economic globalization to develop in the direction of openness, inclusiveness, universal benefit, balance and win-win

Building a Four-Type World Economy: Building an Innovative World Economy and Opening Up Sources of Growth Build an open world economy and expand development space Build an interconnected world economy and gather interactive synergy Build an inclusive world economy and lay a solid foundation for win-win results

Improve the global governance system

my country's opening to the outside world

Improve the level of opening up (how))

The relationship between the two: To implement opening up to the outside world, we must adhere to the principles of independence and self-reliance, and implement opening up to the outside world based on our own development.

Reasons for self-reliance: Key core technologies are important tools for the country, and we cannot rely on others for construction at any time. Requirements: Take independence and self-reliance as your starting point, enhance independent innovation capabilities, and achieve independent control of key core technologies

Reasons for opening up to the outside world: Achieving high-quality development must be carried out under more open conditions Requirements: Unswervingly expand opening to the outside world and pursue a mutually beneficial and win-win opening strategy

Beneficiaries of economic globalization

Contributors to economic globalization

China will become a contributor to global development and a defender of the international order with a more open attitude, promote common development and sustainable development of the world, and build a world of common prosperity.

China adheres to the general direction of building an open world economy and explores new impetus for world economic growth.

As the world's major economy and a responsible country, China adheres to the multilateral trading system and actively participates in global economic governance and rule-making to jointly address challenges through consultation.

my country's joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative not only aims to promote my country's own development, but also shares China's development opportunities with other countries.

Status: International organizations are important members of the international community

Classification

Characteristics: international, purposeful, organizational, autonomous

International organizations are the product of the development of international relations to a certain historical stage and reflect the level and requirements of the development of productive forces.

effect

Status: The most universal, representative and authoritative intergovernmental international organization in the world today

in principle

General Assembly: The main deliberative body has broad powers and is composed of representatives of member states. Each member state has one vote. It decides important issues and must be passed by a 2/3 majority. Other issues are decided by a simple majority.

Security Council: The main responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. It is composed of five permanent members: China, the United States, Russia, Britain, and France, and ten non-permanent members elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term. Each member has one vote.

Economic and Social Council: Composed of 54 council members elected by the General Assembly. It mainly focuses on international economic, social, cultural, education, health and other issues.

Trusteeship Council: Responsible for overseeing the Trust Territory. It has completed its mission and ceased operations.

International Court of Justice: The principal judicial body established for the peaceful settlement of international disputes. Composed of fifteen judges.

Secretariat: composed of the Secretary-General and staff. The Secretary-General is the administrative head of the United Nations and is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.

As the core of the collective security mechanism, it plays an irreplaceable role in international cooperation to ensure global security.

The United Nations development system hosted a major international conference in the field of United Nations development

The best place to practice multilateralism and an effective platform to collectively respond to various threats and challenges.

The role of the United Nations can only be strengthened and cannot be weakened. The reform of the United Nations should promote democracy and extensive consultation.

European Union: a typical example of regional integration organization

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

african union

The sponsoring country of the Chinese-style San Francisco City and County Conference is a founding member of the United Nations

Status: China is an important member of the international community and an important force in the international political and economic landscape. As a permanent member of the Security Council, China enjoys veto power on major matters concerning world peace and development, and is one of the most influential countries in the United Nations.

Role: In line with its major international responsibilities, China upholds the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter and plays a constructive role in the cause of human peace and development. China actively promotes political settlement of many regional conflicts. China is a staunch supporter and active participant in United Nations peacekeeping operations. China insists on achieving common prosperity through mutually beneficial cooperation. China actively promotes North-South dialogue and South-South cooperation.

China advocates: China is one of the earliest advocates and strong supporters of United Nations reform. China advocates that reform should be conducive to upholding the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter and better playing its role. The representation and voice of developing countries should be increased to effectively safeguard their interests.

G20

BRICS mechanism

Shanghai Cooperation Organization

Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)