MindMap Gallery genetics
This is a mind map about biology compulsory course 2 genetics, which mainly includes theory, cell level, Individuals
Edited at 2024-02-05 00:44:23Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
This article discusses the Easter eggs and homages in Zootopia 2 that you may have discovered. The main content includes: character and archetype Easter eggs, cinematic universe crossover Easter eggs, animal ecology and behavior references, symbol and metaphor Easter eggs, social satire and brand allusions, and emotional storylines and sequel foreshadowing.
[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
genetics
theory
Isolation of genetic factors (Meng Wanza)
Advantages of peas
self-pollination
Close pollination
segregation of traits
Hybrid offspring exhibit both dominant and recessive traits at the same time
Explanation: Genetic factors determine traits, exist in pairs, and are dominant and recessive. When an organism forms gametes, the paired genetic factors separate from each other and enter different gametes.
Essence: Heterozygous meiosis 1, alleles enter different gametes as homologous chromosomes separate
Free combination of genetic factors (Meng Wanza)
Explanation: When gametes are formed, genetic factors that determine the same trait are separated from each other, and genetic factors that determine different traits are freely combined.
Essence: Meiosis 1: While alleles on homologous chromosomes are separated, alleles on non-homologous chromosomes are freely combined.
Genetic factors (genes) on chromosomes (Sutton's hypothesis Morgan's verification)
There is an obvious parallel relationship between locust genes and chromosome behavior → Sutton hypothesis
The red and white color genetic experiment of Drosophila Morgan proves that the gene controlling color is located on the X chromosome
Morgan and his students developed a method for determining the relative positions of genes on chromosomes
DNA is the main genetic material (based on Griffith → Avery, Hershey & Chase proved)
Griffith's R→S bacteria transformation proves that S bacteria have some kind of transformation factor that promotes R to become S.
Avery treated extracts of R and S bacteria with different enzymes and proved that the transformation factor is DNA.
Hershey & Chase: Bacteria are infected by radioactively labeled T2 phage, sulfur 35 labels the protein and phosphorus 32 labels the DNA. The protein is in the supernatant and the DNA is in the precipitated bacteria.
DNA double helix structure, clip complementary pairing
Watson and Crick X-ray diffraction → spiral structure
Wilkins and Franklin informed A T=C G
Construction of a double-helix metal model with complementary pairs of clips and photos taken, the results are very similar
DNA semi-conservative replication
Watson and Crick conjecture
Meselson and Starr isotope labeling of E. coli → DNA extraction and centrifugation after different number of divisions → Quality bands 1 high, 2 medium, 3 medium low
Genes are DNA segments that have hereditary effects
Central Dogma: Genetic information can flow from DNA to DNA, or from DNA to RNA, and then to protein.
to traits
Genes control the synthesis of enzymes to control metabolic processes and thereby control biological traits
Genes control the structure of proteins and directly control biological traits
Can wear variations
Gene mutation
definition
Base sequence changes caused by substitution, addition, and deletion of bases in DNA
cancer cell
Can multiply indefinitely
Decreased glycoproteins on the cell membrane
Decreased intercellular adhesion
Easily dispersed and transferred in the body
sickle cell anemia
amino acid substitution
wait
wait
significance
The fundamental source of biological variation, providing rich raw materials for biological evolution
genetic recombination
In the process of sexual reproduction, biological questions control the recombination of genes with different shapes.
Chromosomal variation
number
Individual increase or decrease
Complete sets of additions and subtractions
Haploid (not just 1x)
The number of chromosomes in somatic cells = the number of chromosomes in gametes of this species
(than normal) short, highly sterile
diploid
Almost all animals and more than half of higher plants
Polyploidy
High sugar genius
Triploid seedless watermelon
structure
Missing
repeat
inversion
one piece
Translocation
non-homologous chromosomes
cellular level
Proliferation (an important cell life activity that is the basis for biological growth, development, and reproduction)
normal mitosis
cell cycle
Cells that divide continuously, starting from the completion of one division to the completion of the next division
interphase
DNA replication
protein synthesis
Moderate cell growth
(animal cell) centrosome doubling
division period
forward
Chromatin filaments are spirally wound, shortened and thickened into chromosomes (sister chromatids, centromeres)
The nucleolus disintegrates and the nuclear membrane disappears
Formation of spindle: two groups of centrioles move to the poles of the cell and emit star rays (movement) and spindle fibers (plantation) are emitted from the poles of the cell
middle
Spindle fibers pull the centromere particles to align on the equatorial plate
back
The centromere splits, the number of chromosomes doubles, and the two sets of chromosomes move to the poles of the cell
mè
chromatin filaments
New nucleolar nuclear membrane appears
Constriction (movement)/appearance of cell plate (plantation)
significance
After the parent cell replicates the chromosomes containing DNA, it accurately divides them into the two daughter cells. Maintains genetic stability between parents and offspring.
Meiosis (frightened)
Spermatogonia (2n)
Primary spermatocytes (4n)
Secondary mirror mother cell (2n)
mirror cell(n)
Mirror
mirror cell(n)
Mirror
Secondary spermatocytes (2n)
Sperm cells (n)
sperm
Sperm cells (n)
sperm
Sexually reproducing organisms undergo cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half when producing mature germ cells.
The number of chromosomes in the frightened eggs returns to the number in somatic cells, ensuring the stability of the species' chromosome number.
Oogonia (2n)
Primary oocyte (4n)
Stimulate oocytes (2n)
egg cell(n)
Polar body (n)
Polar body (2n)
Polar body (n)
Collective(n)
Amitosis
Unique to eukaryotic cells, they divide directly into two
DNA replication
Spindleless yarn
No chromosomes
differentiation
definition
During ontogeny, the offspring produced by the proliferation of one or a type of cell have stability differences in morphology, structure, and physiological function.
substance
gene selective expression
Versatility
After cells divide and differentiate, they still have the potential and characteristics to produce a complete organism or differentiate into various other cells.
old & dead
fall old
Performance
Changes in cell membrane permeability
Reduced material transport function
Reduced intracellular water content
Cells shrink and become smaller in size
The activity of various enzymes is reduced (the activity of some enzymes that control apoptosis is increased!)
Decreased breathing and metabolic rates
The size of the nucleus increases and the nuclear membrane folds in
Dyeing deepens
Gradual accumulation of intracellular pigments
Impedes intracellular material exchange and transfer
reason
free radical theory
telomere theory
die
apoptosis
Genetically determined process of automatically ending life
Necrosis
Normal metabolism is impaired or terminated
Individual & Population
explore
common ancestor
species immutability theory
Lamarck (French)
Use it or lose it
acquired inheritance
darwin
natural selection
Under the selection effect of certain environment, the advantageous variation that can be worn will ventriloquist the survival and reproductive advantages of certain individuals.
current theory
Mutation / genetic recombination (raw material for evolution)
natural selection
Directional changes in population gene frequencies
Adaptability
isolation
new species
coevolution
biodiversity
human genetic ice
Single gene (one pair of alleles)
explicit
Polydactyly
and refers to
Achondroplasia
implicit
sickle cell anemia
Albinism
phenylketonuria
polygene
essential hypertension
coronary heart disease
asthma
juvenile diabetes
chromosomal abnormalities
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
prevention
genetic counseling
prenatal diagnosis
Amniotic fluid test
B-ultrasound examination
Blood cell test for pregnant women
DNA Testing
Determining the DNA sequence in human cells