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cell life process

This is a mind map about the life process of cells. The main contents include: cell death, cell aging, cell differentiation, and cell value-added.

Edited at 2024-01-28 17:02:56

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cell life process

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Outline

cell life process

cell proliferation

cyclical

For cells that divide continuously, a cell cycle begins when one division is completed and ends when the next division is completed. Cell cycle is divided into division phase and interphase

significance

Cell proliferation is an important cell life activity and the genetic basis for growth, development, reproduction and inheritance of organisms.

Mitosis (plant cells as an example)

interphase

Complete the replication of DNA molecules and the synthesis of related proteins, and at the same time, the cells will grow moderately

division period

Early stage

Two things lost and two things appeared, scattered in confusion

medium term

Shape, definite number, clear equator

later stage

The increase in the number of granule divisions is divided into two levels (in plant cells, the spindle pulls the chromosomes to move to the two levels of the cell; in animal cells, the star rays emitted from the centrioles at the poles of the cell form a spindle to pull the chromosomes to move to the two levels of the cell)

Late period

Two things are lost and two things become a wall.

Animal cells do not form a cell plate in the final stage. Instead, the cell membrane dents inward from the middle of the cell, and finally the cell is split into two parts.

significance

After the chromosomes of the parent cell are copied, they are evenly distributed to the two daughter cells. Because there is genetic material DNA on the chromosomes, genetic stability is maintained between the parents and offspring of the cell.

Amitosis (no changes in spindle fibers and chromosomes occur during the process)

The nucleus first elongates, and the middle part of the nucleus is depressed inward and constricted into two nuclei. Then the whole cell splits into two parts from the middle to form two daughter cells

example

Frog red blood cells, liver cells, renal tubular epithelial cells

differentiation of cells

During the process of ontogeny, there is a process in which the offspring produced by the proliferation of one or more cells have stable differences in morphology, structure and physiological function.

Principle: Selective expression of genes

Depends on the totipotency of animal cell nuclei and the totipotency of plant cells

Versatility

Refers to the fact that after cells divide and differentiate, they still have the potential and characteristics to produce complete organisms or differentiate into various other cells.

The greater the degree of cell differentiation, the less totipotent

stem cell

A small number of cells with the ability to divide and differentiate that are still retained in animals and humans

Classification

totipotent stem cells

Fertilized eggs, early embryonic stem cells

pluripotent stem cells

hematopoietic stem cells

multipotent stem cells

nerve cells, muscle cells

cellular senescence

Characteristics of cellular senescence

Changes in cell membrane permeability and reduced material transport capacity

The size of the nucleus increases, the nuclear membrane folds in, the chromatin shrinks, and the staining deepens

Intracellular water decreases, cells shrink, and volume decreases

The activity of various enzymes in cells decreases, the respiration rate slows down, and the metabolism rate slows down

Pigments gradually accumulate in cells, hindering the communication and delivery of intracellular substances.

Causes of cell senescence

free radical theory

Abnormally active charged molecules or groups can be produced through cellular auto-oxidation and normal cell life activities.

Principle: After free radicals are generated, they will attack and destroy the normal working biological molecules in the cells. Free radicals will also be generated. The newly generated free radicals will attack other molecules.

Attacking DNA may produce genetic mutations

Attacking proteins reduces protein activity and leads to cell senescence.

telomere theory

Telomere: a special sequence of DNA-protein complexes located at both ends of a chromosome

Principle: Every time a cell divides, the telomere will be shortened, and the truncated part will extend inward. The DNA sequence of the normal gene inside the telomere will be damaged, causing the cell activity to become abnormal.

cell death

Apoptosis (dead)

The process by which cells automatically end their lives, determined by genes, is programmed death.

Cell necrosis (unexpected death)

Cell damage and necrosis caused by damage or interruption of normal metabolic activities of cells under the influence of various adverse factors

autophagy

Cells eat their own structures and materials

Cells in nutrient-deficient conditions obtain the materials and energy needed for survival through autophagy. Autophagy can remove damaged and aging organelles, thereby maintaining the stability of the internal environment of the cell.

Intense autophagy may induce apoptosis