MindMap Gallery water
Summary about water, including protecting water resources, Water purification, composition of three waters, etc. Hope this mind map helps you!
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Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
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water
one, Care for water resources
Figures about water resources
About 71% of the earth's surface is covered by water.
The ocean's water output accounts for approximately 96.5% of the world's total water output.
Fresh water also accounts for 2.53% of the world’s total water storage
The available fresh water accounts for about 30.4% of the total fresh water.
The fresh water available to me accounts for the total water reserves in the world. Less than 1%
Seawater contains more than 80 elements
The most abundant substance in seawater is water
The most abundant metal element in seawater is sodium
The most abundant element in seawater is oxygen
The mass fraction of water in living organisms is generally above 60%.
The reasons for the increasing shortage of available freshwater resources are: on the one hand, the increasing water consumption for human life and production, and on the other hand, the arbitrary discharge of untreated wastewater, waste and domestic sewage. Water pollution caused by gold pesticides, chemical fertilizers, and unreasonable use has aggravated the reduction of available water.
Care for water resources
On the one hand, we must save water
On the other hand, we must prevent and control water pollution
In daily life, it is advocated to use water for multiple purposes, use water-saving appliances, and use rice water to water flowers.
In agriculture, flood irrigation was changed to sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation.
Water can be saved by 40% and 70% respectively.
Reuse of water is promoted in industry.
Sources of water pollution
industrial pollution
Untreated wastewater and waste are discharged arbitrarily.
agricultural pollution
Unreasonable application of pesticides and fertilizers
life pollution
Arbitrary discharge of domestic sewage
The order of proportion of total water consumption in my country from high to low is agriculture > industry > domestic life
two, water purification
Natural water such as river water, lake water, well water, and sea water in nature contains many insoluble impurities that make it turbid, while soluble impurities may cause it to have an odor or color.
Steps to purify water in waterworks
1. Reaction sedimentation tank Impurities undergo physical changes.
2. The filter tank magazine undergoes physical changes.
3. Activated carbon adsorption pool Impurities undergo physical changes.
4. Medication and disinfection: Chemical changes occur in the magazine.
Common water purification methods (arranged from low to high water purification effect)
precipitation
filter
Adsorption
distillation
The principle of alum water purification
The gel formed when alum dissolves in water absorbs impurities suspended in the water. It is the magazines that accumulate and settle to achieve the purpose of water purification.
filter
Principle: Separate solids that are insoluble in liquids from liquids.
Precautions
One post
Filter paper adheres to the inner wall of the funnel
Second low
The edge of the filter paper is lower than the edge of the funnel
The liquid level in the funnel is lower than the edge of the filter paper
Three things to rely on
The beaker tip is close to the glass rod
The lower end of the glass rod is close to one side of the three-layer filter paper
The tip at the lower end of the funnel is close to the inner wall of the beaker
The function of glass rod: drainage
The solid filter liquid with adsorption function can not only remove insoluble impurities in the liquid, but also adsorb some dissolved impurities. Such as color, odor.
distillation
Principle: Water evaporates into water vapor and condenses into water
Add zeolite or broken porcelain pieces to the flask to prevent bumping
Water in the condenser tube flows in from bottom to top
How to convert hard water into soft water
industrial softening method
distillation
family softening method
boiled
Water purification process in water plant
Add flocculant
Alum (white solid, also known as potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate) KAl(SO4)2·12 H2O
Adsorb suspended impurities in water
precipitation
sedimentation impurities
filter
Remove insoluble impurities
Activated carbon adsorption
Remove soluble impurities, absorb color and odor, etc.
Disinfection
Bleaching powder, Cl2, ClO2
Kill remaining bacteria
Soft water vs. hard water
definition:
How much soluble calcium and magnesium compounds are contained?
test:
Soap water shock
Hard water: more foam and less scum
Soft water: less foam and more scum
soften:
life: boil
Laboratory: Distillation
The thermometer is slightly lower than the branch pipe opening: measure the steam temperature
Add zeolite to the water in the flask: prevent bumping
three, composition of water
Lavoisier [French]
Study of the composition of air using quantitative experimental methods
Explored the composition of water
hydrogen
physical properties
Under normal circumstances, it is colorless and odorless, difficult to dissolve in water, and the gas density is smaller than that of air.
chemical properties
flammability, reducibility
Hydrogen combustion symbolic expression
H2O2 H2O
Hydrogen combustion phenomenon
The colorless gas burns quietly, producing a light blue flame and exothermic heat. If a dry and cold beaker is placed over the flame, water mist will appear on the inner wall of the beaker.
Hydrogen must be pure before igniting it
When hydrogen is ignited, a sharp crackling sound indicates that the gas is impure, while a quiet sound indicates that the gas is pure.
water electrolysis
symbolic expression of reaction
Phenomenon
Bubbles are generated on both electrodes, and bubble blocks are generated at the negative electrode. After the liquid level in the two tubes drops for a period of time, the volume ratio of the gas generated at the positive and negative electrodes is about 1:2.
Positive oxygen and negative hydrogen 1:2
A small amount of sodium sulfate or sodium hydroxide is added to the electrolysis water experiment to enhance conductivity.
Direct current during experiment
Conclusion: Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
Elemental definition
Pure substances composed of the same elements.
compound definition
Pure substances composed of different elements.
oxide definition
compound composed of two elements