MindMap Gallery World History 32-Europeans’ new sea routes and early colonization
It mainly introduces the discovery and background of the New World by Spain and Portugal, and the subsequent colonization process. In particular, they carried out brutal massacres and the destruction of ancient American civilization.
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[Zootopia Character Relationship Chart] The idealistic rabbit police officer Judy and the cynical fox conman Nick form a charmingly contrasting duo, rising from street hustlers to become Zootopia police officers!
World History 32-Europeans’ new sea routes and early colonization
1. Columbus discovered the New World
Beginning in 1484, Columbus began lobbying the kings of Portugal, Spain, England, and France, asking them to fund him to open a new route to India, but they were all rejected.
In 1492, after Spain expelled the Moors and completed the country's unification, Queen Isabella of Castile agreed to fund Columbus's voyage plan.
On October 11, 1492, Columbus discovered the New World. He thought he had discovered India and named the island San Salvador, which means Savior Island. People still call the islands between North and South America the West Indies, and call the local residents Indians.
It was named America in 1506 after an Italian navigator.
Spain
2. Portugal bypasses Africa to India
In 1415, King Noor I of Portugal ordered Henry to cross the Strait of Gibraltar and invade Ceuta, Morocco, North Africa.
Purpose: ① Obtain gold and ivory from southern Africa; ②Allied with the Christian kingdom under King John to attack the Moors in North Africa.
In 1418, the Portuguese discovered and occupied the Madeira Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, becoming the first base for exploration on the West African coast. Thereafter, they advanced south along the coast of West Africa.
In 1471, the Portuguese arrived at the coast of Ghana and discovered that it was rich in gold sand, which was called the Gold Coast.
In 1475, Portuguese explorer Gomez discovered a coast rich in gold and ivory, called the Ivory Coast.
In 1482, the Portuguese fleet crossed the equator and reached the mouth of the Congo River.
In 1487, the Portuguese Dias bypassed the stormy southern tip of the African continent, known as the Cape of Storms, later changed to the Cape of Good Hope, and entered the Indian Ocean.
In November 1497, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean.
In March 1498, Vasco da Gama arrived in Mozambique and was opposed by the Muslim residents. Fortunately, they met a friendly Sultan who sent an experienced Arab sailor to pilot the ship for them.
On May 20, 1498, it arrived at the port of Kalikut on the Malabar coast of southern India.
On July 10, 1499, Vasco da Gama’s fleet returned to Lisbon, Portugal, loaded with precious products such as spices, silks, gems, and ivory from the East. In this way, the route from Western Europe around Africa to India was opened.
3. The background of Western Europe’s exploration of maritime routes
1) Gold
After the 15th century, Western European countries gradually transitioned from the silver standard to the gold standard. However, the gold production in continental Europe is relatively low, and Europeans are increasingly feeling the shortage of gold. In order to purchase Eastern luxury goods, a large amount of European gold flowed to the East, which further promoted Westerners' yearning and pursuit of gold.
The 14th-century "The Travels of Marco Polo" provides exaggerated descriptions of the wealth of India, China and Japan. It describes that India and China are filled with gold and spices. Japan has so much gold that we don’t know how to use it. The roof is made of pure gold and the indoor floor is covered with gold bricks. These temptations led Europeans to risk their lives and cross the oceans to explore new routes to the East.
2) Spices
Spices were a rare and expensive commodity in Europe and had many practical uses. There is a lack of feed in the winter in Europe, and many cattle are slaughtered in the autumn. Europeans need to pickle a large amount of meat for storage in the winter. Oriental spices are good preservatives. Some spices have medical properties, such as cloves, which can numb nerves and relieve toothache.
3) Seek new trade routes
In the Middle Ages, three trade routes from east to west were blocked. The area east of the Red Sea was controlled by Arab merchants, and the Mediterranean area was monopolized by Venice and Genoa in Italy.
One is a land route, from Central Asia along the Caspian Sea and Black Sea to Asia Minor; One is by sea first to the Persian Gulf, then through the Mesopotamia and Mesopotamia to the Syrian area on the east coast of the Mediterranean; One is by sea to the Red Sea, and then by land to Alexandria, Egypt.
In the mid-15th century, the Ottoman Turkish Empire emerged and occupied the Balkans and Asia Minor. Especially after occupying Constantinople in 1453, they controlled the traditional trade routes between the East and the West and imposed exorbitant taxes on European merchants, making the price of goods shipped to Europe 8 to 10 times higher than the original price. This prompted European countries to rush to open new routes and trade directly with the East.
4) Spread Christianity
In the Middle Ages, Portugal and Spain finally got rid of the rule of the Islamic Moors and became the most fanatical Christian countries in Western Europe.
In the 15th century, with the rise of the Ottoman Empire, which believed in Islam, Islam became more and more powerful, stimulating the Western Christian world's urgent need to spread Christianity.
Fanatic Christians hope to find out whether there are Christians outside the Muslim world, or other continents friendly to the Christian world, who can join forces to oppose the Muslims.
5) Development of science and technology
In the 15th century, the shipbuilding, navigation and drafting technologies of Portugal and Spain improved rapidly. They were able to build new, lightweight and safe multi-masted fast sailing ships, especially the use of triangular sails and the use of sails imported from China. The compass provides the most effective safety guarantee for ocean navigation.
4. Confirm the theory of round earth
After Vasco da Gama opened a route to India, a Portuguese fleet encountered a storm and arrived in Brazil in the Americas in 1500.
In March 1521, Magellan arrived in the Philippine Islands and died due to being involved in a war between local tribes. The rest of the crew fled the Philippines. Returned to Spain in September 1522.
This voyage proved the theory of the round earth with facts.
5. Western European countries open up new routes
In 1497, Italian John Capote received the support of Henry VII of England and made two expeditions to the coast of North America, heading south to Labrador and Maryland.
In the first 20 years of the 16th century, French Gaspard arrived in Newfoundland and entered the Lawrence River. Italian Giovanni da Verrazzano reaches the mouth of the Hudson River.
6. Early colonization by Western European powers
1) dividing line
In order to compete for colonies, the colonial countries, especially Portugal and Spain, had fierce conflicts from the beginning.
In the spring of 1493, Pope Alexander VI drew a dividing line west of the Azores Islands. The non-Christian lands and islands to the west of this line were explored and occupied by Spain, while those to the east were explored and occupied by Portugal.
In 1494, Portugal and Spain signed the Treaty of Tordesilia. The dispute between the two countries was resolved.
After that, Spain continued to send Columbus on three voyages to the Americas to open up colonies in the Americas. Portugal followed the African coast south into the Indian Ocean and opened up colonies in Asia.
Brazil was placed east of the dividing line, making Brazil the only Portuguese colony in South America.
2) Portuguese colonization
In order to maintain the survival of its empire, Portugal began to colonize and plunder and sell black slaves. In the first 50 years of the 15th century, nearly 150,000 African slaves were imported.
In order to ensure new spice trade routes, Portugal occupied Mozambique and other places along the East African coast in the first decade of the 16th century, serving as supply stations and military strongholds for sailing to Asia. In the 16th century, Portuguese colonists plundered 276,000 kilograms of gold in Africa, as well as a large amount of ivory and slaves.
In Asia, in order to combat competition between Arabs and Turks, Portugal occupied Socotra, the gateway to the Red Sea, in 1506
In 1509, the Portuguese fleet fought a decisive battle with the combined Arab, Turkish and Indian fleets at Diu near India, almost destroying the combined fleet.
In 1510, Portugal established a viceroyalty in Goa on the Malabar Coast of India and sent a governor to rule.
In 1511, Portugal captured Malacca and controlled the throat of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. From then on, the trade in spices and other luxury goods between the East and the West was completely controlled by Portugal.
In 1513, Portugal began trade with China. In 1553, he seized Macau, China. The Portuguese even established a trading post on the Japanese island of Kyushu.
3) Spanish colonization
Driven by ignorant religious fanaticism and greed, the colonists committed heinous atrocities. They relied on superior weapons to carry out large-scale massacres, used fraudulent means to capture the Aztec and Inca empires, and melted all priceless cultural treasures into gold and silver nuggets and transported them back to the country.
The colonists also destroyed all valuable archives and destroyed Aztec and Inca temples, tombs and monuments, leaving no traces of Indian civilization and becoming one of the greatest catastrophes in human history.
7. The significance of the new route
The opening of new shipping routes had an important impact on the social economy of Western Europe. The transfer of the European commercial center from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic coast indirectly promoted the rise of the later seafaring colonial countries - the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and at the same time caused the decline of Italian cities along the Mediterranean.
The opening of new sea routes expanded Europeans' intellectual horizons, especially increased their geographical knowledge, and stimulated the further development of European science and technology.
It has broken the mutual isolation between various parts of the world, strengthened the connections between various parts of the world and various nationalities, and expanded the scope of world trade unprecedentedly.
European colonists began to immigrate to America in large numbers. A large number of black Africans were captured by Spanish colonists and worked in plantations or mines in the Americas to perform heavy labor.
The indigenous inhabitants of the Americas, the Indians, were massacred by the colonists, and their population decreased sharply. At least 50 million Indians were exterminated.