MindMap Gallery electrolyte weak electrolyte ionization
This is a mind map about the ionization of weak electrolytes. The main contents include: summary and improvement, study method guidance, ionization constant, ionization balance of weak electrolytes, ionization equations, and basic concepts of electrolytes.
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Avatar 3 centers on the Sully family, showcasing the internal rift caused by the sacrifice of their eldest son, and their alliance with other tribes on Pandora against the external conflict of the Ashbringers, who adhere to the philosophy of fire and are allied with humans. It explores the grand themes of family, faith, and survival.
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electrolyte weak electrolyte ionization
Basic concepts of electrolytes
electrolytes non-electrolytes
electrolyte
Compounds that conduct electricity in aqueous solutions or in the molten state
non-electrolytes
Compounds that do not conduct electricity in aqueous solutions or in the molten state
strong electrolyte weak electrolyte
strong electrolyte
concept
An electrolyte that can completely ionize in an aqueous solution
compound
Strong acids, strong bases, salts (except CH₃COO)₂Pb, HgCl₂), active metal oxides
weak electrolyte
concept
Electrolytes that are only partially ionized in aqueous solutions
compound
Weak acid, weak base, water
conductivity of matter
Elements of matter that can conduct electricity
There are freely moving charges
ionic compounds
It can be completely ionized in both aqueous solution and molten state, producing freely moving positive and negative ions, which can conduct electricity.
Covalent compounds that are electrolytes
Can be ionized in aqueous solution to produce freely moving ions that can conduct electricity
In the molten state, it cannot ionize and cannot conduct electricity.
Metal element
There are free electrons that can conduct electricity
How to judge the conductivity of a solution
Look at the total concentration of positive and negative ions in the solution and the number of charges carried by the ions
Ionization equation
concept
The formula for electrolyte ionization
Writing method
strong electrolyte
Use "=" to connect, such as CaCO₃ = Ca²⁺ CO₃²⁻
weak electrolyte
Use "⇌" to connect, such as CH₃COOH ⇌ H⁺ CH₃COO⁻
Ionization of polybasic weak acids, written step by step: H₂CO₃ ⇌ H⁺ HCO₃⁻, HCO₃⁻ ⇌ H⁺ CO₃²⁻
Multiple weak base ionization, written in one step: Fe(OH)₃ ⇌ Fe³⁺ 3OH⁻
Ionization equilibrium of weak electrolytes
concept
When the rates at which weak electrolyte molecules ionize and ions combine into molecules are equal, The ionization process will reach an equilibrium state, which is called the ionization equilibrium of weak electrolytes.
feature
Reversible
Ionization of weak electrolytes is a reversible process
Endothermic
Ionization of weak electrolytes is an endothermic process
weak
The degree of ionization of weak electrolytes is very weak
Influencing factors
internal cause
The strength of the electrolyte itself (at the same concentration, the stronger the acid (or alkali), the greater the degree of ionization)
external factors
Take a 0.1 mol/L CH₃COOH solution as an example: CH₃COOH ⇌ H⁺ CH₃COO⁻
Three changes that cannot be directly explained by the principle of equilibrium movement
① Add the weak electrolyte to the weak electrolyte solution (without adding water). Although the equilibrium shifts positively, the ionization degree of the weak electrolyte itself decreases.
② Add water to a weak electrolyte solution, the more dilute it is, the more ionized it will be
③ When the weak acid solution is diluted, the concentration of all particles in the solution decreases (except OH⁻); the same is true for the dilution of the weak alkali solution
Ionization constant
concept
At a certain temperature, when a weak electrolyte reaches ionization equilibrium in an aqueous solution, the ratio of the product of the concentration of various ions generated by ionization in the solution to the concentration of unionized molecules is a constant, represented by K (the ionization constant of acids is represented by Kₐ Representation, base is expressed in Kb)
expression
meaning
The ionization constant indicates the degree of ionization of a weak electrolyte. At the same concentration, the greater the value of the ionization constant, the greater the degree of ionization of the weak electrolyte.
Influencing factors
The ionization constant is only affected by temperature and has nothing to do with the concentration of the weak electrolyte; the higher the temperature, the greater the ionization constant
Study guide
Comparison of monobasic strong acid and weak acid
Experimental method to prove weak electrolytes
At the same concentration and temperature, conduct a conductivity comparison experiment with a strong electrolyte. If the conductivity is not as good as that of a strong electrolyte, it is a weak electrolyte.
Determine solution pH
For example, if the measured pH of a 0.1 mol/L HA solution is > 1, then HA is a weak acid.
Determine the acidity and alkalinity of corresponding salt solutions
If the NaA solution is measured to be alkaline, HA is a weak acid
Measure the pH of a solution after dilution
For example, if the HA solution with pH = 2 is diluted 10 times and the pH of the new solution is < 3, then HA is a weak acid.
Prove that there is an ionization equilibrium
For example, if litmus solution is dropped into the HA solution, the solution turns red; then NaA solid is added, If the color of the solution becomes lighter, HA is a weak acid.
key to method
Proves that the electrolyte in the solution is not completely ionized, or there is an ionization equilibrium
Summary and improvement
Learning misunderstandings
Common misunderstandings about electrolytes
Electrolytes and non-electrolytes both refer to compounds
Simple substance
Copper, iron and silver can conduct electricity
Oxygen and nitrogen cannot conduct electricity
mixture
Salt water conducts electricity
Air cannot conduct electricity
Neither electrolyte nor non-electrolyte
Just because an aqueous solution of a substance can conduct electricity does not mean that the substance is an electrolyte
Aqueous solutions of CO₂, SO₂, SO₃, and NH₃ can conduct electricity, but the reason is that these substances react with water first to generate ionizable substances, making the solution conduct electricity. They themselves are still non-electrolytes.
The degree of ionization of the electrolyte is not necessarily related to the conductivity of the solution
The conductivity of a solution depends on the total concentration of ions and the number of ion charges in the solution. In a strong electrolyte solution, the total concentration of ions is not necessarily large (such as 0.0001 mol/L NaCl solution), so the conductivity of a strong electrolyte solution is not necessarily strong.
About aluminum chloride
Covalent compounds in salts include: AlCl₃, (CH₃COO)₂Pb, HgCl₂
The weak electrolytes in salt include: (CH₃COO)₂Pb and HgCl₂
Aluminum chloride is a covalent compound but a strong electrolyte
Common misunderstandings on ionization equations
Understanding of the ionization equation "="
The meaning of "=" in the strong electrolyte ionization equation is: the strong electrolyte dissolved in water is completely ionized, such as: BaSO₄ = Ba²⁺ SO₄²⁻, which means that the BaSO₄ dissolved in water is completely ionized, but does not mean that BaSO₄ is completely soluble in water.
Ionization equation for acid salts
strong acid salt
In aqueous solution, the acid radical of the acid salt of a strong acid is completely ionized NaHSO₄ = Na⁺ H⁺ SO₄²⁻
Weak acid acid salt
In aqueous solution, the acid radical of the weak acid salt is partially ionized NaHCO₃ = Na⁺ HCO₃⁻, HCO₃⁻ ⇌ H⁺ CO₃²⁻
Ionization equation for aluminum hydroxide
Aluminum hydroxide can undergo acid ionization and basic ionization. The ionization equation is written as: H⁺ AlO₂⁻ H₂O ⇌ Al(OH)₃ ⇌ Al³⁺ 3OH⁻
Knowledge improvement
The process of adding water to glacial acetic acid
The electrolyte of a covalent compound can only be ionized in water. There is no water in pure acetic acid, c(H⁺) = 0. After adding water, acetic acid begins to ionize, the equilibrium moves forward, and c(H⁺) increases with the addition of water; and From a limit point of view, when water is added until the acetic acid concentration is very small, c(H⁺) will be very close to 0; therefore, looking at the middle from both ends, the change process of c(H⁺) with the addition of water is 0→ Big → Small (close to 0)
Strong acid to weak acid
The general reaction formula of strong acid to weak acid
strong acid weak acid radical → weak acid strong acid radical
"Strong" and "weak" are not absolutely strong and weak acids. The same two weak acids can also react, such as vinegar for scale removal (reaction of acetic acid and calcium carbonate)
Common weak acids and their acidity
Stronger than carbonic acid
HF, H₂SO₃, CH₃COOH
Weaker than carbonic acid
HClO, H₂S, Al(OH)₃, phenol