Cause: Smoking®Chronic bronchitis, emphysema®COPD

Clinical manifestation: symptoms of asthma and suffocation

Auxiliary examination: Pulmonary function test, FEV1/FVC<70%

Treatment: clear the airway, improve hypoxia, and treat the primary disease

Pathogenesis: airway hyperresponsiveness

Clinical manifestation: Wheezing on auscultation of lungs

Auxiliary examination: bronchial provocation test, bronchiectasis test

Drug treatment: albuterol is the first choice; glucocorticoids are the most effective

Typical symptoms: coughing up large amounts of purulent sputum and intermittent hemoptysis

Auxiliary examination: high-resolution CT

Treatment: Anti-infection, postural drainage, hemostasis

Cause: History of colds in young adults, Streptococcus pneumoniae infection

Clinical manifestation: rust-colored phlegm

Examination: sputum smear, sputum culture, chest X-ray

Treatment: Penicillin is the first choice for anti-infection, supportive therapy, and treatment of complications (drainage and pus removal)

Classification

Classic symptoms: low fever, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss

Auxiliary examination: sputum Mycobacterium tuberculosis examination

Treatment principles: early, regular, appropriate amount, combined

Pathogenesis: deep vein thrombosis of lower limbs

Classic symptoms: chest pain, hemoptysis, dyspnea

Auxiliary examinations: D-dimer, blood gas analysis, chest X-ray, pulmonary angiography

treat

Pathogenesis: long-term chronic hypoxia® structural remodeling of pulmonary arterioles

Clinical table: Right ventricular insufficiency® systemic congestion

Treatment: cardiotonic, diuretic, vasodilator

Identification of exudate and transudate

Presentation: Difficulty breathing

Treatment: Closed chest drainage

Classification: Type I respiratory failure, type E respiratory failure

Treatment principle: oxygen inhalation

Clinical classification:

Provisional table:

Treatment: cardiotonic, diuretic, vasodilator

Atrial flutter

atrial fibrillation

room early

ventricular tachycardia

atrioventricular block

Main risk factors: smoking, obesity, "three highs"

Treatment principles: dietary adjustment, drug treatment (statins)

Angina pectoris classification: stable, unstable, variant

Typical clinical manifestations of angina pectoris: pain mostly occurs during exertion or excitement, mainly behind the sternum, often radiating to the left shoulder, lasting from several minutes to more than ten minutes, and generally not more than half an hour. Rest or sublingual nitroglycerin may provide relief.

Electrocardiographic features of acute myocardial infarction: ST segment arch and upward elevation, pathological Q wave

Myocardial enzyme test: CK-MB, Tnl

Localization diagnosis of myocardial infarction: Inferior wall infarction in leads II, III, aVF (frequent examination)

High blood pressure grade

Hypertension risk stratification

medical treatement

Clinical manifestations of cardioectasis

Clinical manifestations of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Myocarditis: Coxsackie B virus

Secondary stenosis: apical diastolic rumbling murmur

Second closure: apical systolic blowing murmur

Aortic stenosis: systolic ejection murmur in the auscultation area of ​​the aorta

Main occlusion: diastolic sigh-like murmur in aortic auscultation area

Acute infective endocarditis: Staphylococcus aureus

Subacute infective endocarditis: viridans streptococci

Auxiliary examination: Take blood culture when you have chills and fever

Typical symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease: burning pain behind the sternum, acid reflux, and heartburn

Gastritis classification: chronic superficial gastritis, chronic atrophic gastritis

Treatment principles: suppress acid and protect gastric mucosa

Characteristics of gastric ulcer and abdominal pain: pain after eating

Characteristics of abdominal pain due to duodenal ulcer: relieved after eating

Auxiliary examination: gastroscopy, biopsy (whether cancer occurs), gastrointestinal tract imaging to see the niche shadow

Intestinal tuberculosis ulcer surface shape: annular ulcer surface, perpendicular to the long axis of the intestinal tube

Classic symptoms of tuberculous peritonitis: tenderness, rebound tenderness, and abdominal tenderness

Ulcerative colitis: abdominal pain relieved after defecation; mucus, pus and bloody stools

Crohn's disease: The ulcer surface is parallel to the long axis of the intestine

Decreased liver function: hypoalbuminemia, bleeding tendency, liver palms, spider nevi

Portal hypertension: hypersplenism, ascites, open collateral circulation

Primary liver cancer: increased AFP

Hepatic encephalopathy: elevated blood ammonia

Common causes: peptic ulcer, gastric esophageal varices

Clinical symptoms: vomiting blood, melena

Acute glomerulonephritis: hematuria, proteinuria, edema, hypertension

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis: crescents

Chronic glomerulonephritis: secondary granular pyknosis

Acute pyelonephritis: low back pain, high fever, urinary tract irritation, leukocyte casts

Acute cystitis: urinary tract irritation

Clinical symptoms: Symptoms of each system

Treatment principle: Cr>707mmol/L® dialysis