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MindMap Gallery Some knowledge points about the axial bone

Some knowledge points about the axial bone

This is a mind map about some knowledge points about the axial bone. The axial bone is a part of the human skeleton, including the skull and trunk bones.

Edited at 2024-01-27 21:15:39

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Some knowledge points about the axial bone

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Outline

axial bone

trunk bone

vertebra

General form

The vertebrae are composed of short cylindrical bodies in front and plate-like vertebral arches in the back.

vertebral body

It is the main load-bearing part of the vertebrae. The interior is filled with cancellous material, the dense material on the surface is thin, and the upper and lower surfaces are rough. It is connected to adjacent vertebrae by intervertebral fibrocartilage. The back of the vertebral body is slightly depressed, and together with the vertebral arch, it forms the vertebral foramen. Each vertebral foramen runs up and down to form the spinal canal that contains the spinal cord.

vertebral arch

It is an arcuate bone plate that is closely connected to the narrowed part of the vertebral body, called the pedicle. The upper and lower notches of the root together form an intervertebral foramen, through which spinal nerves and blood vessels pass.

The vertebral pedicle expands and widens posteriorly and medially, and is called the vertebral lamina. The vertebral lamina on both sides meet at the midline.

There are 7 processes arising from the vertebral arch:

spinous process (1)

transverse processes (1 pair)

Articular processes (2 pairs)

The shape of each vertebrae

thoracic

The vertebral body gradually increases from top to bottom, and the cross-section is heart-shaped.

cervical vertebra

The vertebral bodies are small and oval in cross-section. The articular surfaces of the superior and inferior articular processes are almost horizontal.

3rd to 7th cervical vertebrae

The upper lateral edge of the vertebral body protrudes upward and is called a vertebral hook. The vertebral foramen is larger and triangular in shape. There is a hole in the transverse process, called the transverse foramen, through which the vertebral artery and vein pass.

6th cervical vertebra

The nodule in front of the end of the transverse process is particularly raised, called the carotid nodule, and the common carotid artery passes in front of it.

When the head bleeds, you can use your fingers to press this section of the common carotid artery to temporarily stop the bleeding.

7th cervical vertebra

The long end of the spinous process is not bifurcated and is easy to touch in living bodies. It is often used as a symbol for counting the number of vertebrae.

1st cervical vertebra

Also known as the atlas, it is annular and has no vertebral body, spinous process and articular process. It is composed of an anterior arch, a posterior arch and a lateral mass. The anterior arch is shorter and there is an odontoid concavity in the middle of the back, which is articulated with the odontoid process of the axis.

2nd cervical vertebra

Axial vertebra, the vertebral body projects upward the odontoid process, which is articulated with the odontoid process concave surface of the atlas. The odontoid process was originally the atlas vertebral body. During development, it separated from the atlas vertebra and fused with the axis vertebral body.

Cervical vertebrae 2 to 6

spinous process is shorter and bifurcated at the end

lumbar spine

The vertebral bodies are thick and kidney-shaped in cross-section. The vertebral foramen are oval or triangular. The upper and lower articular processes are thick, and the joint surfaces are almost in the sagittal position (the sagittal position refers to the surface after dividing the human body into two symmetrical parts, left and right). The spinous process is broad, short, plate-shaped, and extends horizontally to the rear.

The oval ridge on the posterior edge of the superior articular process is called the mastoid process

sacral vertebrae

tail vertebrae

Common variations of vertebrae

Vertebrae can undergo changes during development.

If the posterior ends of the vertebral arches on both sides are not fully fused, spina bifida will form. In milder cases, spinal bifida often occurs with low back pain. In severe cases, the meninges, and even the spinal cord and cauda equina may bulge.

Spina bifida is common in the lumbosacral region

The number of vertebrae can also vary

If the 1st sacral vertebra does not fuse with other sacral vertebrae and forms the 6th lumbar vertebra, it is called lumbar sacral vertebrae. On the other hand, when the fifth lumbar vertebra fuses with the sacrum, it is called lumbar sacralization.

sternum

It is a rectangular flat bone located in the middle of the chest and forearm, convex in front and concave in back.

manubrium sternum

It is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom. The middle part of the upper edge is the jugular notch, and there are clavicle notches on both sides to connect with the clavicle.

body

The joint between the manubrium and the body is slightly protruding forward, which is called the sternal angle. The two sides are flat against the second rib, which is an important sign for counting ribs. The body of the sternum is rectangular, with its lateral edge connected to the 2nd to 7th costal cartilages.

xiphoid process

Flat and thin, with large shape changes and free lower end

rib

rib cage

Flat bone

rib body

Long and flat, it is divided into inner and outer sides and upper and lower edges. There is a costal groove near the lower edge of the inner surface, in which the intercostal nerves and blood vessels run. The sharp turn in the posterior part of the body is called the costal angle

rear end

Enlarged, called rib head

front end

Slightly wider, connected to the costal cartilage

The first rib is flat, wide and short, divided into upper and lower edges and inner and outer edges. It has no costal angle or costal groove. There is an anterior scalene tubercle at the front of the inner edge, which is the attachment point of the anterior scalene muscle.

costal cartilage

Located at the front end of each rib, it is composed of hyaline cartilage and does not ossify throughout life.

congenital variation of ribs

cervical ribs

Occurs on one or both sides, manifests as short and straight ribs, occurs from the 7th cervical vertebra

forked ribs

It is the most common rib variation. The front ends of the ribs are forked, sometimes one is obvious and the other is short, or even just a protrusion on the rib, which can easily be mistaken for a disease.

rib joint

It is more common in the 5th and 6th posterior ribs. It manifests as a partial bony joint between two adjacent ribs and a narrowing of the intercostal space, which can easily be mistaken for intrapulmonary disease.

sacrum

coccyx

It is formed by the fusion of 3 to 4 degenerated tail vertebrae. The upper end is connected to the sacrum, and the lower end is free to become the tip of the coccyx.

A fall or impact can cause a tailbone fracture

skull