The pinnacle and most typical representative of development in South America was the Inca Empire.

The Chilka tribe was the first to make a living by gathering and hunting in 8000 BC, and also began to grow legumes.

The ruins of the Crossed Hands Temple were named after the statues and patterns of crossed arms about four or five thousand years ago.

The predecessors of the Incas were in Peru, Bolivia and other places. There were also many other Indian civilizations, including the Chavin, Nazca, Mochi, Wari, Tiahuanaco, Chimu, and many more.

It is named after the important site of Chavín de Huantar. Starting from 1500 BC, it reached its peak from 400 BC to 200 BC.

Chavinde Huantar is an ancient temple located on a mountain more than 4,000 meters above sea level.

Chavin de Huantar is only a sacrificial center with a population of no more than 3,000 people. The unearthed cultural relics include products from far away places, such as cinnabar from southern Peru, lapis lazuli from northern Chile, giant snails from the coast of Ecuador, and so on. It shows that there is also contact with the Amazon Basin.

In the southern coastal area of ​​Peru, textile technology was developed from the 10th century BC to the 5th century AD. The fabrics are rich in color and come in more than 190 different colors. Many mummies were also found, most of them wearing bright clothes.

Approximately between 200 BC and 600 AD.

The pottery is excellent, with the background color generally being brick red or orange, and patterns of birds, animals, flowers, plants, gods, monsters, etc. being depicted in red, yellow, brown, purple, black, white, gray and other colors.

The water conservancy project is developed, namely the Nazca geoglyphs.

The unearthed cultural relics often revolve around the theme of war, and they are a warlike nation.

The most important site is Cerro Blanco, with its two giant pyramids, the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon. They are flat-top adobe pyramids unique to the Americas, and there are maker's marks on the adobes, indicating that they come from different regions.

A pottery workshop was once excavated near the Pyramid of the Moon, and the pottery products there were outstanding. Moqi pottery has the functions of both daily utensils and statues, and is made into figures, human heads, animals, fruits, furniture, boats, houses, etc.

It is located on a plateau at an altitude of about 4,000 meters.

The Puerta del Sol in Tiahuanaco is as mysterious and famous as the Nazca geoglyphs. It is carved from a single boulder, nearly 3 meters high, 4 meters wide, and weighs an estimated one hundred tons. There are many mysterious carvings on the door. Every autumnal equinox, the sun always rises along the central axis of the doorway, and light enters from the center of the Sun Door.

It is famous for its megalithic architecture. The irregular boulders are spliced ​​together without adhesives and even a blade cannot be inserted.

It spans more than 1,000 kilometers from north to south. It is famous for its handicrafts, including gold and silver jewelry, wood carving and weaving.

The water conservancy project is vast and has clear administrative levels. Social classes are also strictly divided.

Changchang City, the capital of Chimu, is called the Castle City by archaeologists. It is the largest adobe city ruins in the world. In its heyday, the population reached 100,000 and the area was about 20 square kilometers. In the Chimu language, Chang means sun, hence the city of the sun. The entire city was divided into 10 castles, and it was speculated that each king would build a castle and be buried in it after his death. The castle is divided by high walls and has an intricate internal structure.

Lake Titicaca is the world's largest plateau freshwater lake, covering an area of ​​8,830 square kilometers, with an altitude of 3,812 meters, an average water depth of 100 meters, and a depth of more than 250 meters. The local Indian residents still maintain their original way of life.

The Uru Indians used the locally abundant cattail reeds to build floating islands on the lake, and they have thrived on them for generations. Reed grass is an important living resource. They use reed grass to build houses and boats, and reed roots are used for food.

Men are good at fishing, and women weave various textiles. The barter transaction method is still followed.

The territory of the empire was called Tawantinsuyo, which means the unity of the four directions. Tawantinsuyo stretches more than 4,000 kilometers from Ecuador in the north to the Amazon Plain and Chaco region in the south, covering an area of ​​more than 2 million square kilometers.

The Inca were inferior to Mesoamerica in terms of writing, calendar, etc., but their social organization and state institutions were more developed.

social organization

road network

The Incas had no writing and used knotted ropes to record events.

megalithic architecture

Saxahuaman Castle

Cusco city

Machu Picchu City

easter island