Bone quality

Periosteum: When a fracture occurs, the periosteum is peeled off too much, making it difficult for the bone to heal.

marrow

long bone

short bone

flat bone

Irregular bones

cervical vertebra

thoracic

lumbar spine

sacral vertebrae

tail vertebrae

True Ribs: Pairs 1-7

False ribs: pairs 8-10

Floating ribs: Pair 11-12

Pair: parietal bones, temporal bones

Unpaired: frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone, occipital bone

The frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone, and sphenoid bone form an H-shaped suture - the pterion, with the middle meningeal artery passing through it (epidural edema)

Pairs: nasal bones, lacrimal bones, zygomatic bones, maxillary bones, inferior turbinate, palatine bones

Unpaired: pear bone, mandible (the largest of the facial bones), hyoid bone

Clavicle: fractures mostly occur at the junction of the middle and outer thirds

shoulder blade

Humerus

radius, ulna

hand bones

Hip bone = ilium, pubic bone, ischium

femur

patella

tibia, fibula

articular surface

joint capsule

joint cavity

Ligaments--intracapsular ligaments: knee joint, hip joint

Articular discs: sternoclavicular joint, radiocarpal joint, temporomandibular joint (easy to dislocate forward), meniscus of knee joint

Articular labrum: shoulder joint, hip joint

synovial bursa, synovial folds

Intervertebral disc: The central part is the nucleus pulposus, surrounded by the annulus fibrosus; it is easy to prolapse posterolaterally (intervertebral disc herniation: the fourth lumbar vertebra is common)

Lateral view of the spine: cervical and lumbar curves convex forward; thoracic and sacral curves convex backward.

Lumbar puncture passes through: supraspinal ligament, interspinous ligament, and ligamentum flavum in sequence

The most flexible and easiest to dislocate (anterior and inferior dislocation)

Fracture remains unchanged, dislocation changes

=The proximal articular surfaces of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones of the hand serve as the joint heads, and are composed of the wrist articular surface of the radius and the articular disc that eats the bones (the ulna is not involved)

male

female

= femur tibia patella

The largest and most complex joint in the human body

The medial meniscus is larger and C-shaped; the lateral meniscus is smaller and O-shaped (C on the inside and O on the outside, large on the inside and small on the outside).