MindMap Gallery Action potential
Physiological action potential concept, characteristics, generation mechanism, excitability and its changes, action potential propagation, and action potential triggering.
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The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
Action potential
I. concept
After cells receive effective stimulation based on the resting potential, they generate a rapid membrane potential fluctuation that can propagate to a distance.
Action potential
Peak potential
Main parts and hallmarks of action potential
back point
negative afterpotential
(after depolarization potential) less than resting potential
Positive back potential
(post-hyperpolarization potential) greater than resting potential
II. Action potential characteristics
all or nothing
The stimulation intensity has not been reached and there is no action potential; When the stimulation reaches a certain intensity, an action potential appears, and its amplitude no longer increases with the intensity of the stimulation.
propagation without attenuation
The amplitude of the action potential does not attenuate with the conduction distance
Pulse delivery
Continuous stimulation does not fuse
III. Action potential generation mechanism
Nature
Charged particles move across membranes
Basic conditions for AP generation
Changes in electrical-chemical driving forces
Changes in cell membrane permeability
Sodium channel blocker - tetrodotoxin Potassium channel blocker - tetraethylammonium
triggering of action potential
production mechanism
effective stimulation
Potassium channels close
Sodium ion channel opening sodium ion driving force
Large influx of sodium ions
Sodium ion electricity - chemical equilibrium potential
Membrane potential 30mV
sodium channel closed
Potassium ion channel opening Potassium ion driving force
Massive outflow of potassium ions
Potassium ion electro-chemical equilibrium potential
back point
negative afterpotential
Increased potassium ions outside the membrane, Potassium ion efflux slows
Positive back potential
Increased sodium ions in the membrane; Increased potassium ions outside the membrane
Sodium-potassium pump active transport
IV. triggering of action potential
threshold intensity
Several related concepts
阈刺激
指刺激强度相当于阈强度的刺激
阈上刺激
大于阈强度的刺激
阈下刺激
小于阈强度的刺激
Minimum stimulus intensity that elicits an action potential
threshold potential
The critical value of membrane potential that can cause a large number of sodium ion channels to open and generate an action potential is also called the firing point. (usually 10-20mV smaller than RP)
To generate an action potential, the membrane potential depolarizes to reach the threshold potential
Cause of action potential
It can be a threshold stimulus or a suprathreshold stimulus, It can also be caused by multiple subthreshold stimuli.
V. propagation of action potential
spread on the same cell
Conduction principle
安全性
局部电流的刺激强度远大于膜的阈强度,因而能引起动作电位
胞外记录
兴奋部位的胞外是负电位
local current theory
on unmyelinated nerve fibers
The action potential propagates continuously
myelinated nerve fibers
Lang Feijie
action potential propagates in leaps and bounds
Increase the speed of transmission, Reduce energy consumption
spread between cells
Gap junctions, connecting substructures
Excitation spreads directly between cells to achieve synchronized activities of multiple cells
such as between neurons (electrical synapses) It is also found in cardiac muscle, some smooth muscles, glial cells and liver tissue.
VI. Excitability and its changes
Excitability
兴奋
细胞接受刺激后,功能活动由弱变强或由静止变为活动的过程: 兴奋就是指动作电位或动作电位产生过程
可兴奋细胞
With voltage-gated sodium or calcium channels
神经
肌肉
腺体
The ability or characteristic of the body's tissues or cells to respond after being stimulated: For excitable cells, it is the ability to generate action potentials
Changes in excitability after cell excitation
absolute refractory period
relative refractory period
supernormal period
low normal period