MindMap Gallery physiological action potential
Action potential refers to the expandable potential change process generated on the basis of the resting potential when excitable cells are stimulated. The picture below is a partial detailed description, you can take a look if necessary.
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action potential AP
A. The concept and characteristics of action potential
B. The mechanism of action potential generation
C. triggering of action potential
D. propagation of action potential
E. Excitability and its changes
F. local potential
AThe concept and characteristics of action potential
a. AP refers to a rapid membrane potential fluctuation that can propagate far away after cells receive effective stimulation based on the resting potential.
b. The ascending branch and the descending branch together form a spike-like potential change, which is called a spike potential. The spike potential is the main part of the action potential and the symbol of the action potential.
c. Characteristics of action potential
c.1. The “all-or-none” phenomenon: certain intensity
c.2. propagation without attenuation
c.3. Pulse delivery
d. The membrane potential after the spike potential is the after potential
d.1. after depolarization potential (negative back potential)
d.2. afterhyperpolarization potential (Positive back potential)
Sodium pump activity forms
The mechanism of action potential generation
A. Electro-chemical driving forces and their changes
A.1. When the membrane potential is equal to the equilibrium potential of a certain ion, the electrochemical driving force is equal to zero.
A.2. The electrochemical driving force of ions can be expressed by the difference between the membrane potential and the equilibrium potential of the ions. The greater the difference, the greater the electrochemical driving force on the ions.
B. Changes in cell membrane permeability during action potentials
B.1. The rising branch of action potential is generated
B.1.1. Extracellular sodium ion concentration is greater than intracellular sodium ion concentration
B.1.2. Membrane permeability to sodium ions increases after cell stimulation
B.1.3. depolarizing stimulus —local potential —threshold potential — Increased voltage gating -Sodium ions enter cells —Positive feedback membrane depolarization —activates sodium channels —Increase of positive charge in the membrane —The electrochemical driving force of sodium ions is close to zero (increased electrochemical driving force of potassium ions) —peak of spike potential
B.2. Descending branch of action potential generates
B.2.1. The sodium ion channel quickly inactivates and closes after activation, and the influx of sodium ions stops.
B.2.2. The chemical driving force of potassium ions increases, the membrane permeability to potassium ions increases, potassium ions efflux, and the membrane potential decreases
B.3. The essence of membrane conductance changes
B.3.1. patch clamp, single channel current
C. Functional state of ion channels
C.1. Resting state—70mV steady state
C.1.1. The sodium channel activation gate is closed and the inactivation gate is blocked.
C.2. Activated state (smooth state)
C.2.1. The membrane depolarizes rapidly, voltage-gated sodium channels open immediately, the activation gate opens, and the inactivation gate closes
C.3. Inactive state (steady state)
C.3.1. After the activated state, the channel no longer responds to depolarizing stimuli, and the inactivation gate is completely closed in a time-dependent manner. It can only be repolarized.
C.4. Delayed activation, voltage-gated potassium channel activation gate, slower than sodium
C.4.1. The two will not cancel each other out, and potassium ions will not be deactivated.