The question of who is the origin of existence and thinking, matter and consciousness, that is, the question of which is primary

The question of whether existence and thinking, matter and consciousness are identical, that is, whether thinking can correctly reflect existence, and whether people can understand or completely understand the world.

The only characteristic of matter: objective reality

Engels: Objects and substances are nothing more than the sum of various things, and this concept is abstracted from this sum. Lenin: Matter is a philosophical category that marks objective reality. This objective reality is perceived by people through their senses. It exists independently of our senses and is copied, photographed and reflected by our senses.

Significance: First, it adheres to materialist monism and draws a clear line from idealist monism and dualism. Second, it adheres to the theory of active reflection and agnosticism, and criticizes agnosticism. Third, it embodies the unity of materialism and dialectics and overcomes the shortcomings of metaphysical materialism. Fourth, it embodies the unity of the materialist view of nature and the view of history, laying a theoretical foundation for thorough materialism.

The fundamental property of matter is motion

The movement of the material world is absolute

Time and space are the basic forms of existence of moving matter

Dualization of the material world [Practical Activities]

From the origin of consciousness

From the nature of consciousness

First, consciousness has purpose and planning. Second, consciousness is creative. Third, consciousness has the role of guiding practice to transform the objective world. Fourth, consciousness has the function of regulating human behavior and physiological activities.

On the one hand, respecting objective laws is the prerequisite for correctly exerting subjective initiative. On the other hand, only by giving full play to subjective initiative can we correctly understand and utilize objective laws.

There are three prerequisites and conditions for the correct use of people's subjective initiative: First, starting from reality is the prerequisite for the correct use of people's subjective initiative. Only understanding that starts from reality and fully reflects objective laws is correct understanding; only with correct understanding as guidance can we form correct actions. Second, practice is the fundamental way to correctly develop people’s subjective initiative. Correct understanding can only be achieved through material life, that is, practice, if it is to be transformed into realistic material power. Third, the correct use of people’s subjective initiative also depends on certain material conditions and means.

First, human consciousness is the unity of knowing and knowing, while artificial intelligence is only a simulation and expansion of human rational intelligence and does not have the forms of human consciousness such as emotions, beliefs, and will. Second, sociality is an essential attribute inherent in human consciousness, and artificial intelligence cannot truly possess human social attributes. Third, human natural language is the material shell of thinking and the realistic form of consciousness, and it is difficult for artificial intelligence to fully possess it.

Definition: Connection refers to the mutual influence, mutual restriction and interaction between various elements within things and between things.

First, contact is objective. The connection between things is inherent in the thing itself and is not subject to human will. The objectivity of connection requires us to understand things based on the inherent connection between objective things themselves. Adhering to the objectivity of connection means adhering to materialism from the perspective of connection. Secondly, the connection is universal. First, different parts and elements within anything are interconnected. Secondly, nothing can exist in isolation and is in certain connection with other things. Third, the entire world is a unified whole that is interconnected. Again, the connections are diverse. The things in the world are diverse, the connections between things are also diverse, and the connections between things are also diverse. [Direct connection and indirect connection, internal connection and external connection, essential connection and non-essential connection, inevitable connection and accidental connection] Finally, connection is conditional. First, conditions support or restrict the development of things and human activities. Second, conditions can be changed. Third, changing and creating conditions is not arbitrary.

The material world is in eternal motion, and the movement of the material world inherently contains the change and development of things. Change generally refers to all changes that occur in things, and development is the forward and upward movement of things changing. Judging whether a thing is new or old does not depend on the newness of its form and the time of its appearance. New thing: refers to something that is in line with the direction of history and has great future. Old things: refer to things that have lost historical necessity and are becoming extinct day by day.

In the development of metabolism, new things are invincible. Reasons: First, new things are new because they have new elements, structures and functions, and they adapt to the changed environment and conditions; old things are old because their various elements and functions have no longer adapted to the changing environment and conditions. Changes in the environment and objective conditions make death inevitable. Second, new things not only negate the negative and decadent things in the old things, but also retain the factors in the old things that are reasonable and adaptable to new conditions, and add new content that the old things cannot accommodate. Third, it fundamentally conforms to the interests and demands of the people and can win the support of the people, so it will inevitably defeat the old things.

Contradiction is a philosophical category that reflects the unity of opposites within or between things. Opposition and unity respectively embody the two basic attributes of contradiction. The opposite attribute of contradiction is also called struggle, and the unified attribute of contradiction is also called identity. The identity of contradiction refers to the interdependence and interconnected nature and tendency of contradictory opposites. It has two meanings. One is that contradictory opposites are interdependent and are the prerequisite for each other's existence and are in a unity. . The second is contradictory opposites, which are interconnected and can transform into each other under certain conditions. The combative nature of contradiction is that the opposite sides of the contradiction are mutually exclusive, and the nature and tendency of mutual separation can be divided into two basic forms: antagonistic contradictions and non-antagonistic contradictions.

The identity and struggle of contradictions are connected with each other and complement each other. Without struggle, there is no identity, and without identity, there is no struggle. The struggle is contained in the identity, and the identity is reflected through the struggle. The identity of contradiction is conditional and relative. The struggle of contradiction is unconditional and absolute.

The identity and struggle of contradictions play an important role in the development of things. The role of the identity of contradictions in the development of things is as follows: first, identity is the premise for the existence and development of things, and struggle provides the place. The development of one of the two parties to the contradiction is conditioned by the development of the other, and development is based on the contradiction. development within a continuum. Second, identity allows the two parties to absorb the factors that are beneficial to themselves, and each develops in the interaction. Third, identity determines the possibility of transformation and the trend of development of things. The reason why things can be transformed is because of the internal contradictions of things and the mutual connection between the two parties. The role of the struggle of contradictions in the development of things is as follows: First, the struggle between the two sides of the contradiction promotes the change of the forces of the two sides of the contradiction, causing an imbalance in the development of the forces of the two sides, creating conditions for the transformation of opposites and the qualitative change of things. Second, the struggle between the two contradictory parties is the decisive force in the transition from one contradictory unity to another.

Methodology: The principle of dialectical relationship between the identity and struggle of contradictions requires that when we observe and deal with problems, we must be good at combining the two, grasping the identity in the struggle, and grasping the struggle in the identity. Use the principles of the dialectical relationship between the unity of contradictions and the nature of struggle to guide practice, and we must correctly grasp the role of harmony in the development of things. We should use the principles of the dialectical relationship between the identity of contradictions and the nature of struggle to guide practice, and we must also vigorously promote the spirit of struggle.

The universality of contradiction means that contradiction exists in all things and at the beginning of the development process of all things, that is, contradictions are everywhere and occur all the time. The particularity of contradiction refers to the contradiction of each specific thing. Each aspect of each contradiction has its own characteristics at different stages of development. The particularity of contradiction determines the different nature of things. The principal contradiction is the contradiction that occupies a dominant position in the system of contradictions and plays a decisive role in the development of things. Secondary contradictions are contradictions that are in a subordinate position in the contradiction system and play a secondary role in the development of things. In every pair of contradictions, the dominant party is the main aspect of the contradiction. The party that is in a dominated position and does not play a leading role is the secondary aspect of the conflict. The nature of things is determined by the main aspects of the principal contradiction.

Methodology: To apply the dialectical relationship between the main contradiction and the secondary contradiction, and the main and secondary aspects of the contradiction in practical work, we must adhere to the unity of the two-point theory and the key point theory. The universality and particularity of contradictions and the principle of dialectical relationship are the philosophical basis for combining the basic principles of Marxism with the realities of various countries.

Things include three aspects: quality, quantity and degree. Quality is a thing. The inherent defining quantity that distinguishes it from other things is the size, degree, speed, etc. of things. The quantity and quality of defining things that can be expressed by quantitative relationships are unified. The unity of quantity and quality is reflected in the degree. . Degree is the quantitative limit that maintains the stability of something. The two ends of the degree are called joint points or critical points. Beyond the range of the degree, one thing is transformed into another thing. This inspires us to master the principle of moderation when understanding and dealing with problems.

Quantitative change is the increase or decrease in the quantity of things and the change in the arrangement of the constituent elements. It is an insignificant change that maintains the relative stability of the quality of things, and reflects the continuity of the gradual development process of things. Qualitative change is a fundamental change in the nature of things. It is a leap from one qualitative state to another. It embodies the gradual process of development of things and the interruption of continuity.

The dialectical relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change is: First, quantitative change is the necessary preparation for qualitative change. The change of anything has a process of accumulation of quantitative changes. Without the accumulation of quantitative changes, qualitative changes will not occur. second. Qualitative change is the inevitable result of quantitative change and opens the way for new quantitative change. When quantitative change reaches a certain level, it will inevitably lead to qualitative change. Third, quantitative change and qualitative change penetrate each other. On the one hand, in the overall process of quantitative change, there are staged and partial partial qualitative changes. On the other hand, in the process of qualitative change, there is also the quantitative contraction of the old quality and the quantitative expansion of the new quality. Quantitative change and qualitative change are interdependent and interconnected. Quantitative change causes qualitative change. On the basis of new quality, things begin to undergo new quantitative change. Such an alternating cycle constitutes the development process of things, and the law of quantitative change and qualitative change reflects the unity of gradualness and leap in the development of things. Methodology: On the one hand, when the development of things is in the stage of quantitative change, we must do our daily work in a down-to-earth manner and prepare for major changes in the future. On the other hand, when qualitative change comes, we must seize the opportunity decisively and seize the opportunity to promote qualitative change and bring our work to a new level.

The development of things is achieved through their inner contradictions, movement and self-denial. Everything contains positive and negative aspects. Due to the interaction between the two sides of the contradiction, when the negative aspect rises to a dominant position, things will move from affirmation to negation of themselves, and then from negation to a higher stage of affirmation, that is, the negation of negation. The law of negation of negation is To reveal the complete process and essence of things developing themselves.

The scientific view of negation of materialist dialectics reveals the profound connotation of negation: First, negation is the self-negation and self-development of things, and is the result of the internal contradictory movement of things. Second, negation is the link in the development of things, the transformation of old things into new things, and the leap from old quality to new quality. Only through negation can old things transform into new things. Third, negation is the link between old and new things, and new things are born from old things. Fourth, the essence of dialectical negation is sublation, that is, new things both criticize and inherit old things, overcoming their negative factors while retaining their positive factors.

Methodology: Dialectical negation has important guiding significance for people's understanding and practical activities. It requires us to adopt a scientific analysis attitude towards everything, to grasp both its current status and its development trend, and to oppose simplicity. Affirm everything or deny everything. The dialectical negation of things is not completed once, but is a regular process of two negations and three stages of self-development of things, that is, affirmation-negation-negation of negation. The law of negation reveals the unity of progress and twists and turns in the development of things.

Content and form are a pair of categories that reflect things in terms of their constituent elements and modes of expression. Content refers to the sum of all elements that make up a thing. Form refers to the structure or way of expressing content that unifies elements.

Everything is the unity of content and form. On the one hand, content is the basis for the existence of things and plays a decisive role in form. What kind of content there is, there is what kind of form; on the other hand, form has a counterproductive effect on content. A form that is suitable for the content will play a positive role in promoting the development of the content; a form that is not suitable for the content will play a negative role in hindering the development of the content. Methodology: Based on the principle that content determines form, we must pay attention to the content of things and oppose formalism that ignores content and exaggerates the role of form; we must also actively use appropriate forms to promote the development of content, and we must not ignore the active role of form in promoting content.

Essence and phenomenon are a pair of categories that reveal the internal connections and external manifestations of things. Essence is the fundamental nature of things and the internal relationship between the elements that make up things. Phenomenon is the external connection and surface characteristics of things, and the external manifestation of the essence of things.

Essence and phenomena are distinct from each other. The essence is general and universal, while the phenomenon is individual and specific; the essence is relatively stable, while the phenomenon is changeable and perishable; the essence is hidden deep inside things and can only be grasped through rational thinking, while the phenomenon is the surface, Explicit, it can be directly perceived by human senses. Essence and phenomenon are interdependent. Essence determines phenomena, and phenomena express essence. It shows that the essence that does not appear as a phenomenon and the phenomena that do not express the essence do not exist. Methodology: See the essence through phenomena. To do this, we need to master a large number of phenomena, and then use technical means and theoretical analysis to eliminate the rough and select the essential, eliminate the false and retain the true, and continue to deepen our understanding of things from here to there, from the outside to the inside.

Cause and effect are a pair of categories that reveal the relationship between things causing and being caused.

Cause and effect are different from each other. The cause comes first and the effect comes last. The two cannot be confused or reversed. Causes and effects are interdependent and transform into each other. There is no cause without effect and there is no effect without cause. Methodology: The dialectical relationship between cause and result can guide our understanding and practical activities. Only by correctly grasping the causal relationship of things can we eliminate unfavorable causes through conscious efforts and make the cause-and-effect relationship move in a direction that is beneficial to human development. run to achieve the results we need.

Necessity and chance are a pair of categories that reveal different trends in the development and decline of things. Inevitability refers to the unshakable trend in the relationship and development of things, which is inevitable under certain conditions. Accident refers to the uncertain trend in the connection and development of things.

Necessity and chance are interdependent. On the one hand, there is no necessity that is free from chance, and on the other hand, there is no chance that is free from necessity. Necessity will determine the role and development of chance, and necessity and chance will transform into each other. in our understanding and practice. Methodology: We must pay attention to the inevitable laws and trends of the development of things, and formulate our goals and plans based on this. At the same time, we must fully estimate the role of various accidental factors, be good at identifying and seizing opportunities keenly, and achieve the goal in practice. desired goal.

Reality and possibility are a pair of categories that reflect the relationship between the past, present and future of things. Reality refers to the synthesis of actually existing things that are related to each other. May refer to the various trends contained in things and indicating the future of things, which are potential things that have not yet been realized.

Reality and possibility are distinguished from each other. Reality is the objective existence of the present and marks the current state of things. Possibility is the potential trend of things, marking the development direction of things, and reality and possibility transform into each other. On the one hand, reality contains the direction of future development and will continue to create new possibilities. On the other hand, it may contain factors and basis that develop into facts. Once the subjective and objective conditions are mature, it may be transformed into reality. Development is the process of mutual transformation between reality and possibility. Methodology: Correctly grasp the dialectical relationship between reality and possibility in practice. On the one hand, based on reality, make a comprehensive analysis and prediction of possibilities. On the other hand, we should take a long-term view to prevent bad possibilities from becoming reality, and at the same time be good at creating conditions to promote good possibilities to be realized.