MindMap Gallery Heredity and Evolution
This is a mind map about heredity and evolution, including the discovery of genetic factors, the relationship between genes and chromosomes, etc. Come and collect and learn!
Edited at 2024-04-04 19:12:31Ce calendrier annuel, créé avec EdrawMax, présente une disposition claire et organisée des mois de janvier à décembre. Chaque mois est affiché dans un cadre distinct, montrant les jours de la semaine et les dates correspondantes. Les weekends (samedis et dimanches) sont mis en évidence pour une meilleure visibilité. Ce format est idéal pour la planification et l'organisation des activités tout au long de l'année, offrant une vue d'ensemble rapide et facile à consulter.
This quarterly calendar overview for 2026, created with EdrawMax, presents a structured and colorful layout of the entire year divided into four quarters. Each quarter is displayed in a separate column, showcasing the months within that quarter in a clear grid format. The days of the week are labeled, and each date is marked within its respective cell, allowing for easy identification of dates across the year. This calendar is an excellent tool for long-term planning, providing a comprehensive view of the year at a glance.
This weekly calendar for 2026 is designed using EdrawMax to provide a detailed and organized view of each week, starting from January. The left side features a mini monthly calendar for quick reference, highlighting the current week in yellow. Below it, there's a section for weekly goals to help prioritize tasks. The main area is a time-grid from 6:00 AM to 12:00 AM, divided into half-hour slots, allowing for precise scheduling of daily activities throughout the week. This layout is ideal for managing a busy schedule efficiently.
Ce calendrier annuel, créé avec EdrawMax, présente une disposition claire et organisée des mois de janvier à décembre. Chaque mois est affiché dans un cadre distinct, montrant les jours de la semaine et les dates correspondantes. Les weekends (samedis et dimanches) sont mis en évidence pour une meilleure visibilité. Ce format est idéal pour la planification et l'organisation des activités tout au long de l'année, offrant une vue d'ensemble rapide et facile à consulter.
This quarterly calendar overview for 2026, created with EdrawMax, presents a structured and colorful layout of the entire year divided into four quarters. Each quarter is displayed in a separate column, showcasing the months within that quarter in a clear grid format. The days of the week are labeled, and each date is marked within its respective cell, allowing for easy identification of dates across the year. This calendar is an excellent tool for long-term planning, providing a comprehensive view of the year at a glance.
This weekly calendar for 2026 is designed using EdrawMax to provide a detailed and organized view of each week, starting from January. The left side features a mini monthly calendar for quick reference, highlighting the current week in yellow. Below it, there's a section for weekly goals to help prioritize tasks. The main area is a time-grid from 6:00 AM to 12:00 AM, divided into half-hour slots, allowing for precise scheduling of daily activities throughout the week. This layout is ideal for managing a busy schedule efficiently.
Heredity and Evolution
Discovery of genetic factors
Mendel's pea hybridization experiments
law of separation
Research Experiment: Pea Hybridization
Experimental Method: Hypothetical-Deductive Method
Discover problems-propose hypotheses-deductive reasoning-experimental verification
Advantages of peas as genetic experimental materials
Self-pollination, cleistopollination, purebred in nature
Have multiple pairs of relative traits that are easily distinguishable
Short growth cycle and large number of offspring
Experimental points
Detasseling of pistils during flower bud stage - bagging - pollination - bagging again
Explain the phenomenon of separation
verify
Test cross experiment: cross the individual to be tested with a recessive homozygote and observe the phenotypic proportion of the offspring
Self-crossing: Make the individual to be tested self-cross and observe whether there is separation of traits in the offspring.
Pollen identification: For plants, pollen can also be taken to identify genotypes
haploid breeding
Mendel's hypothesis
Biological traits are determined by genetic factors
Genetic factors in somatic cells exist in pairs
When an organism forms a germ cell and a gamete, pairs of genetic factors separate from each other and enter different gametes.
During fertilization, the union of male and female gametes is random
Mendel's First Law (Law of Separation)
content
In the somatic cells of organisms, genetic factors that control the same trait exist in pairs and do not fuse.
When gametes are formed, pairs of genetic factors separate. The separated genetic factors enter different gametes and are passed on to offspring along with the gametes.
Scope of application
Eukaryotic organisms that reproduce sexually
intranuclear genetic factors
law of free assemblage
Research experiment: Crossing two pairs of peas with opposite traits
problem found
Pure yellow round peas × Pure green wrinkled peas → (F1) All yellow round peas
F1 self-crossing→yellow circle:green circle:yellow wrinkle:green wrinkle≈9:3:3:1
analyse problem
The inheritance of each pair of relative traits follows the law of segregation
Verification conclusion: test cross experiment
Mendel's second law (law of free association)
content
The isolation and combination of genetic factors that control different traits do not interfere with each other
During the formation of gametes, pairs of genetic factors that determine the same trait are separated from each other, and genetic factors that determine different traits are freely combined.
Scope of application: Law of same separation
Mendelian laws of inheritance rediscovered
Johnson named the genetic factor "gene"
genetics noun
Phenotype (phenotype): the characteristics displayed by an individual organism
Genotype: genetic makeup related to phenotype
Allele: A gene that controls a relative trait
The relationship between genes and chromosomes
Meiosis
process
Interphase before meiosis: material preparation (DNA replication, synthesis of relevant proteins), formation of primary spermatocytes/oocytes
Meiosis I: Primary spermatocyte/oocyte
Prophase: Synapsis occurs to form a tetrad, and homologous chromosomes and non-sister chromatids cross over and exchange.
Metaphase: Tetrads (homologous chromosomes) are neatly arranged on the equatorial plate
Anaphase: Homologous chromosomes separate, non-homologous chromosomes assemble freely, and move to the cell poles under the pull of spindle fibers
Late period
Primary spermatocytes: the cytoplasm divides equally to form two secondary spermatocytes
Primary oocyte: the cytoplasm divides unevenly to form secondary oocytes and the first polar body
Meiosis II: Secondary spermatocyte/oocyte/first polar body
Metaphase: chromosomes are neatly arranged on the equatorial plate
Anaphase: Centromere splits and sister chromatids separate
Late period
Secondary spermatocytes: the cytoplasm divides equally to form two sperm cells, which are transformed into sperm.
Secondary oocyte: the cytoplasm divides unevenly to form the egg cell and second polar body
First polar body: the cytoplasm divides equally to form two polar bodies
Features: Chromosomes replicate once and cells divide twice. The number of chromosomes in mature germ cells is reduced by half compared to primordial germ cells.
fertilization
Essence: The nuclei of sperm and egg cells fuse; one egg cell can only fuse with one sperm
significance
It ensures the constant number of chromosomes in each organism’s predecessors and descendants and maintains the stability of biological inheritance.
The randomness of the combination of egg cells and sperm is conducive to the diversity of offspring, is conducive to the adaptation of organisms to changing natural environments, and is conducive to the evolution of organisms through natural selection, reflecting the superiority of sexual reproduction.
Genes are on chromosomes (not all)
Sutton's hypothesis: There are clear parallels in the behavior of genes and chromosomes
Morgan's experiment: genes are arranged linearly on chromosomes
Modern interpretation of Mendel's laws of inheritance
The essence of the law of genetic segregation
In heterozygous cells, the alleles located on a pair of homologous chromosomes have a certain degree of independence.
During the process of meiosis to form gametes, alleles will separate with the separation of homologous chromosomes, enter two gametes respectively, and be independently inherited with the gametes to offspring.
The essence of the law of free assemblage of genes
The segregation or combination of non-alleles located on non-homologous chromosomes does not interfere with each other
During meiosis, while alleles on homologous chromosomes separate from each other, non-alleles on non-homologous chromosomes combine freely.