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MindMap Gallery Anatomy Part 2 Viscerology
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Anatomy Part 2 Viscerology
The second visceral mind map of anatomy includes general introduction, digestive system, respiratory system, urinary system, reproductive system, etc. It is recommended to collect and study!
Edited at 2024-04-04 12:12:02
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Anatomy Part 2 Viscerology
- Calendrier Annuel
Ce calendrier annuel, créé avec EdrawMax, présente une disposition claire et organisée des mois de janvier à décembre. Chaque mois est affiché dans un cadre distinct, montrant les jours de la semaine et les dates correspondantes. Les weekends (samedis et dimanches) sont mis en évidence pour une meilleure visibilité. Ce format est idéal pour la planification et l'organisation des activités tout au long de l'année, offrant une vue d'ensemble rapide et facile à consulter.
- 2026 Quarterly Calendar Overview
This quarterly calendar overview for 2026, created with EdrawMax, presents a structured and colorful layout of the entire year divided into four quarters. Each quarter is displayed in a separate column, showcasing the months within that quarter in a clear grid format. The days of the week are labeled, and each date is marked within its respective cell, allowing for easy identification of dates across the year. This calendar is an excellent tool for long-term planning, providing a comprehensive view of the year at a glance.
- Weekly Calendar 2026
This weekly calendar for 2026 is designed using EdrawMax to provide a detailed and organized view of each week, starting from January. The left side features a mini monthly calendar for quick reference, highlighting the current week in yellow. Below it, there's a section for weekly goals to help prioritize tasks. The main area is a time-grid from 6:00 AM to 12:00 AM, divided into half-hour slots, allowing for precise scheduling of daily activities throughout the week. This layout is ideal for managing a busy schedule efficiently.
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- Outline
Chapter 2 Viscerology
Chapter 1 General Introduction
hollow sex organ
The 4 layers of the wall of each organ of the digestive tract
Mucous membrane
submucosa
Muscle layer
adventitia
Respiratory system hollow sex organ 3 layers
Mucous membrane
submucosa
adventitia
Urinary and reproductive system hollow sexual organs 3 layers
Mucous membrane
Muscle layer
adventitia
Solid organs (phylum 🚪)
The place where blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels distributed in solid organs, as well as the ducts of the organ enter and exit the organ, is often a depression, which is especially called the door of the organ. Such as; kidney hilus, liver hilus, lung hilum, etc.
Chest, abdominal marking lines and abdominal divisions
chest standard line
front center line
sternal line
midclavicular line
paraclavicular line
Axillary anterior, posterior line
Midaxillary line
scapular line
posterior midline
abdominal zoning
left upper quadrant
right upper quadrant
left lower abdomen
right lower abdomen
In anatomy, the organs of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems are usually called internal organs. The science that studies the position and morphological structure of various internal organs is called viscerology.
Chapter 2 Digestive System
Digestive tube
Upper gastrointestinal
oral cavity
oral vestibule
lips
upper lip
lower lip
cheek
When closed, the oral vestibule and proper oral cavity are connected through the retromolar space.
proper oral cavity
upper wall
hard palate
The roof of the proper oral cavity, the front 3/2 of which is the hard palate
soft palate
The posterior 3/1 is the soft palate
palatal velum
The free edge of the velum palatinata, the palatoglossal arches on both sides and the base of the tongue together form a mouth called the "pharyngeal isthmus"
The pharynx is the boundary between the oral cavity and the pharynx
Vibration while snoring
Palatal lobe (uvula)
Orthoglossal arch
pharyngeal arch
It is a structure of the pharynx. The triangular depressed area between the two arches is called the "tonsillar fossa", which contains the tonsils.
Inferior wall (floor of mouth)
Mucous membrane
skeletal muscle
tongue
oral cavity
The oral cavity is the beginning of the digestive tract. It communicates with the outside world through the cleft in the front, and continues with the pharynx through the pharynx in the back. There are teeth, tongue and other organs in the oral cavity. The front wall of the mouth is the lip, the side walls are the cheeks, the roof is the palate, and the floor of the mouth is the mucous membrane and muscles. "The oral cavity is divided into the anterolateral oral vestibule (oral vestibule) and the posterior and medial part of the oral cavity proper by the upper and lower dental arches"; when the upper and lower teeth are occluding, there is a gap between the oral vestibule and the proper oral cavity. Connected by the space behind the third molar. Clinically, when the patient has trismus, a mouth opener or intubation can be placed through this channel to inject drugs or nutrients while preventing tongue bite.
tooth
Baby teeth erupt at six months At the beginning of three years old, a total of 20 were born
Gradually replace permanent teeth after the age of six 13-14 years old
divided into
Incisor
central incisor
Lateral incisors
front teeth
fangs
molar
Permanent teeth have premolars
form
dental crown
tooth root
Tooth neck
internal cavity of tooth
crown cavity
root canal
Contains nerves and blood vessels
tooth tissue
Dentin
most
tooth enamel
hardest
cementum
dental pulp
tissue around teeth
periodontal ligament
alveolar bone
gums
tongue
tongue papilla
filiform papillae
Minimum volume and maximum quantity
fungiform papillae
foliate papillae
Contoured nipples
and the mucosal epithelium of the soft palate and epiglottis containing taste buds
tongue muscle
Contraction changes tongue position
Intrinsic tongue muscles
external tongue muscle
genioglossus
Strong and powerful, when contracting on one side, the tip of the tongue can be extended to the opposite side
hyoglossus muscle
Styloglossus
salivary glands
minor salivary glands
lingual gland
labial glands
buccal gland
palatine gland
major salivary glands
parotid gland
Parotid duct: Opens into the buccal mucosa level with the crown of the maxillary second molar.
submandibular gland
Location: Submandibular triangle Opening: Sublingual caruncle
sublingual gland
Located in: sublingual mucosa of the floor of the mouth
sublingual gland ducts
Direct opening: surface of sublingual fold
sublingual gland duct
Opening: sublingual caruncle
pharynx
pharynx
Nasopharynx
pharyngeal recess
It is a common site for nasopharyngeal cancer
Pharyngeal tonsils
Oropharynx
epiglottis valley
Foreign objects tend to stay here (fish bones)
It is a common passage for food and air
Pharyngeal tonsils
Eustachian tube tonsils
palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Together they form a "pharyngeal lymphatic ring", which has a defensive function
hypopharynx
lower part of pharynx
Location
Originating from the plane of the upper edge of the epiglottis
Down to the lower edge of the sixth cervical vertebrae and continues with the esophagus
There is a deep "pear-shaped recess" on both sides of the waiting mouth, which is where foreign bodies often stay (fishbones stuck in deep positions require a laryngoscope)
esophagus
Total length 25cm
neck
about 5cm
Chest
The longest, 18~20cm
abdomen
The shortest, only 1~2cm
three narrow places
First: the beginning of the esophagus, about 15cm from the central incisor
Second: at the intersection with the left main bronchus, 25cm from the central incisor
Third: The esophageal hiatus that penetrates the diaphragm, 40cm away from the central incisor
The three strictures are areas where foreign bodies in the esophagus are prone to remain, and are also common sites for esophageal tumors.
Stomach
front and back walls
upper and lower edges
Upper edge: lesser curvature of stomach
Lower edge: greater curvature of stomach
Two entrances and exits
Entrance: Pimen
cardiac department
fundus of stomach
gastric body
Located: Left side of 11th thoracic vertebra
Exit: pylorus
Pylorus
middle groove
Divide the pylorus into
Right: pyloric canal
Left: Pyloric sinus
Clinically, the pylorus is called the "gastric antrum", and this part and the vicinity of the lesser curvature of the stomach are A favorite site for ulcers and cancer.
About the right side of the first lumbar vertebrae
Location
Most: located in Zuojili District
Small part: located in the epigastric area
small intestine
It is the longest section of the digestive tract, 5 to 7 meters long in adults.
duodenum
The total length is about 25cm, and the entire duodenum forms a C shape surrounding the head of the pancreas.
upper part
The duodenal ampulla (duodenal bulb) is a common site for ulcers
Descending part
The large duodenal papilla is about 75cm away from the central incisors and is the opening of the ampulla of the hepatopancreas.
The small duodenal papilla is the opening of the accessory pancreatic duct
Horizontal part
ascending part
The suspensory ligament of the duodenum, often called the ligament of Treitz clinically, is an important landmark in determining the beginning of the jejunum.
jejunum
Approximately 2/5 of the proximal jejunum and ileum
More blood vessels, redder (pink)
solitary lymphoid follicle
ileum
Approximately 3/5 of the far side
Less blood vessels, lighter (pink-gray)
solitary lymph follicle, aggregate lymph follicle
lower gastrointestinal tract
small intestine
jejunum
Large intestine: about 1.5m
Cecum
back blind mouth
There is an opening of the appendix 2 cm below
Ileocecal valve
effect
It can control the contents of the ileum from entering the cecum too quickly.
It also prevents the contents of the large intestine from flowing back into the small intestine.
appendix
Body surface projection of the appendix root (McFarland's point)
colon
Ascending colon
mesangial
mediocre organ
The bend at the turning point is called: right flexure of colon (or hepatic flexure)
transverse colon
mesangium
Belongs to internal organs
Turns into the left flexure of the colon (splenic flexure)
Descending colon
mesangial
mediocre organ
sigmoid colon
mesangium
intraperitoneal organ
It is a common site for diverticula and malignant tumors.
rectum
There are three horizontal folds, called transverse rectal folds, about 7 cm from the anus, which can be used as positioning marks during proctoscopy.
anal canal
Bounded by the dentate line
Above: Internal hemorrhoids
Below: external hemorrhoids
digestive glands
oral glands
liver
The largest digestive gland in the human body
liver shape
upper and lower sides
Diaphragm surface
Dirty noodles
Porta of liver
Liver pedicle
location of liver
Mostly located in
Right rib area, supraabdominal area
A small part is located in
left quarter area
During physical examination, the liver cannot be palpated under the right costal arch in a normal person.
Segments of liver
extrahepatic biliary system
gallbladder
Is a sac-like organ that stores and concentrates bile
gallbladder base
gallbladder body
gallbladder neck
cystic duct
The triangular area surrounded by 1. cystic duct 2. common hepatic duct 3. and the visceral surface of the liver is called the gallbladder triangle. The cystic artery passes through it, It is a sign to look for the cystic artery during gallbladder surgery.
Located near the intersection of the right midclavicular line and the costal arch
bile duct
left hepatic duct
right hepatic duct
The capillaries in the left and right halves of the liver gradually merge into
common hepatic duct
The left and right hepatic ducts exit the porta hepatis and form the common hepatic duct
common bile duct
The common hepatic duct descends and meets the cystic duct at an acute angle to form the common bile duct
Big question: The hepatopancreatic ampullary sphincter usually maintains a contracted state, allowing bile to enter the gallbladder for storage through the hepatic duct, common hepatic duct and cystic duct. (fasting) After eating, under the action of neurohumoral factors, the gallbladder contracts and the hepatopancreatic ampullae sphincter relaxes, allowing bile to pass from the gallbladder through the cystic duct and common bile duct into the duodenal cavity.
pancreas
Overview
It is the second largest digestive gland in the human body
Location
Located in the upper abdominal area and left rib area, transversely on the posterior abdominal wall, equivalent to the level of the 1.2nd lumbar vertebra, (L1 is the tail of the pancreas, which is high, and L2 is the head of the pancreas, which is low)
Composition function
Exocrine department (glandular cells)
Secretes pancreatic juice, which contains digestive enzymes, to break down and digest proteins, fats, and sugars.
Endocrine department (islets of pancreas)
Mainly secretes insulin to regulate blood sugar
structure
It can be divided into 4 parts: head, neck, body and tail.
Pancreatic head: surrounded by the duodenum in a "C shape", with a small leaf protruding from the pancreatic head to the lower left side, called the uncinate process; identify pancreatic head cancer (enlargement)
There is a pancreatic duct inside: it merges with the common bile duct to form the "hepatopancreatic ampulla", a large papilla that opens into the descending part of the duodenum. There is a small "accessory pancreatic duct" above the pancreatic duct that opens into the small duodenal papilla.
Chapter 3 Respiratory System
nose
Overview
It is the beginning of the respiratory tract and the olfactory organ.
distributed
external nose
Root of nose, dorsum of nose, tip of nose, wing of nose, nostril, nasal column
nasal cavity
It is made of bone and cartilage and is divided into left and right nasal cavities by the nasal septum.
bounded by nose threshold
Nasal vestibule (anterior lower part)
skin
Proper nasal cavity (posterior)
nasal septum
vertical plate of ethmoid bone
vomer
Nasal septum cartilage, covered with mucous membrane
bony nasal septum
vertical plate of ethmoid bone
vomer
lateral wall
upper middle inferior turbinate
The depression behind and above the superior turbinate is called the sphenoethmoidal recess.
upper middle lower nasal passage
The mucous membrane of the nasal cavity is divided into two parts
olfactory area
Located on the inner surface of the superior turbinate and the part of the nasal septum opposite to it
Feel the olfactory stimulation
breathing zone
Location: Except for the olfactory zone
Warming and moisturizing of inhaled air
paranasal sinuses
Overview
It is the air-containing cavity surrounding the nasal cavity that opens into the nasal cavity.
Distribution, 4 pairs
frontal sinus
maxillary sinus (largest)
Opening: middle meatus
ethmoid sinus
former group
middle group
Opening: middle meatus
Houqun
Opening: superior meatus
sphenoid sinus
Opening: Sphenoethmoidal recess
throat
Overview
It is composed of cartilage and larynx, which is both the respiratory tract and the vocal organ.
Cartilage of larynx (category 4)
in pairs
arytenoid cartilage
triangular pyramid shaped cartilage
The bottom protrudes forward, which is called vocal cord protrusion.
The outward protrusion is called myoid process
Not paired
Thyroid cartilage
It is the largest piece of laryngeal cartilage.
The front edges of the two plates are connected at a right angle (obtuse angle for women) to form a "front angle"
The upper end of the front corner bulges forward, which is called the "Adam's apple"
cricoid cartilage
It is the only cartilage in the larynx that is circular.
Anterior "cricoid arch"
It is an important body surface landmark in front of the neck, approximately level with the sixth cervical vertebra.
Posterior "cricoid plate"
epiglottis cartilage
shaped like leaves
The cartilage surface of the epiglottis is covered by mucosa and is called the epiglottis. When swallowing, the larynx rises and the epiglottis closes the throat opening to prevent food from accidentally entering the laryngeal cavity.
laryngeal connection
cricoarytenoid joint
constitute:
The cricoid cartilage base and the cricoid cartilage plate upper edge of the articular surface connection
sports:
A rotational movement along the vertical axis to widen the glottis (external rotation) or narrow it (internal rotation)
cricothyroid joint
constitute:
It is composed of the articular surface of the lower corner of the thyroid cartilage and the articular connection on the lateral surface of the junction of the cricoid cartilage arch and plate. It is a syndesmotic joint.
sports:
Anterior (forward) and repositioning (backward) movements in the coronal axis, thereby tightening or relaxing the fissure
elastic cone
Glossary: It is a membranous structure stretched between the upper edge of the cricoid cartilage arch, behind the anterior horn of the thyroid cartilage, and the vocal cord process of the arytenoid cartilage. There is one on each side. It is mainly composed of elastic fibers. It is also called the circumacoustic membrane.
Free upper end: vocal ligament
Composition: Median cricothyroid ligament
constitute
inferior border of thyroid cartilage
between the upper edges of the cricoid cartilage arches
The median cricothyroid ligament is the site of incision during acute laryngeal obstruction.
square membrane
constitute
Between the lateral edge of the epiglottis cartilage, behind the anterior corner of the thyroid cartilage, and the anteromedial edge of the arytenoid cartilage, one on each side, slightly rhombus-shaped
Location
The upper edge is free to form the throat
The lower edge is freed to form the vestibular ligament
thyrohyoid membrane
The membrane that connects the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone
cricoid tracheal ligament
Connected between the lower edge of the cricoid cartilage and the first tracheal cartilage
laryngeal cavity
Overview
Use the larynx to connect the larynx and pharynx
Connects downward to the trachea
Entrance: Throat
Noun: bounded by the upper edge of the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, and interarytenoid notch
middle part of larynx
Square membrane formation: Vestibular ligament (covered by mucous membrane) ☞forms vestibular plica (cleft between two sides) ☞Vestibular cleft
Elastic cones on both sides: vocal cleft (covered by laryngeal mucosa) ☞forms the vocal folds (the gap between them) ☞is the glottis cleft
The glottis cleft is the narrowest part of the larynx (laryngoscope)
The first 3/5 is located between the vocal folds on both sides and is called the intermembranous part. Related to pronunciation, ※ is a common site for laryngeal cancer.
The posterior 2/5 is located between the bases of the arytenoid cartilages and is called the intercartilage part. ※It is a common site for laryngeal tuberculosis.
distributed
Upper part: laryngeal vestibule
Middle part: middle cavity of larynx (with two laryngeal chambers inside)
Lower part: subglottic cavity
trachea main bronchi
trachea
Location
The upper end is flat and the lower edge of the 6th cervical vertebra originates from the lower edge of the cricoid cartilage (continuous above the larynx). Down to the sternal angle plane (equivalent to between the 4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae)
The bifurcation of the left and right main branches at the lower end of the trachea is called the "tracheal bifurcation" Its inner surface forms an upward convex longitudinal ridge in the shape of a half-moon, which is called the "tracheal carina" The length is slightly tilted to the left, which is an important sign during bronchoscopy. (It is also an important sign to find the left and right main bronchi)
Main bronchus
left main bronchus
Slender and oblique, forming an angle of 36 to 40 degrees with the trachea
right main bronchus
Short, wide and straight, with an angle of 22 to 25 degrees to the trachea. Foreign bodies mostly enter the right side.
lung
Overview
It is an organ that performs gas exchange in the respiratory system and also has endocrine functions.
Location
In the chest, on both sides of the mediastinum and above the diaphragm, one on each side.
form
A sharp point
apex of lung
2~3cm beyond the upper 1/3 of the inner side of the clavicle
bottom
lung base
The surface is on the bottom and is in contact with the diaphragm, so it is also called diaphragm surface and rib surface.
both sides
Diaphragm surface
The medial surface faces the mediastinum, also known as the mediastinal surface
hilum
On the medial side, the mediastinal side.
Yes: Main bronchus Pulmonary artery and vein Bronchial arteries and veins Lymphatic vessels nerve The place where it enters and exits the lungs.
These structures that enter and exit the hilus are surrounded by connective tissue and are called pulmonary roots.
rib surface
also called lateral surface
Three fates
leading edge
There is a left pulmonary cardiac notch on the front edge of the left lung, and a left pulmonary uvula below the cardiac notch.
trailing edge
lower edge
The difference between left and right lungs
left lung
Narrow and long, with cardiac notch and left lung uvula on the front edge
Oblique split (divided into upper and lower leaves)
right lung
Width and short, unintentional incision
Horizontal cleft and oblique cleft (divided into upper, middle and lower leaves)
pleura
Overview
It is the serous membrane covering the surface of the lungs, the inner surface of the chest wall, both sides of the mediastinum and the diaphragm.
divided into
visceral pleura
The part covering the surface of the lungs
parietal pleura
The part covering the inner surface of the chest wall, above the diaphragm, and both sides of the mediastinum
The two pleural cavities are not connected to each other
distributed
costal pleura
diaphragm pleura
mediastinal pleura
pleural roof
pleural recess
The pleural cavity leaves a potential gap in the reflection of certain parts of the parietal pleura. or pleural sinus Even when taking a deep breath, the lung edge does not penetrate deep into it.
Costophrenic recess (costophrenic angle)
The largest and most important pleural recess is located at the reflection of the costal pleura and diaphragmatic pleura. or costophrenic sinus One on the left and one on the left. The whole is semi-circular. It is the lowest part of the pleural cavity. When inflammation occurs in the pleura, Exudate collects here. (pleural effusion)
pleural cavity
The visceral pleura and parietal pleura continue with each other at the lung roots, forming a completely closed cavity around the left and right lungs.
The pressure inside is lower than the air pressure, so it is negative pressure. There is only a small amount of serous fluid in the cavity, which can reduce the friction between the viscera and parietal pleura during breathing.
body surface projection
mediastinum
Glossary
It is a general term for all organs, structures and connective tissues between the left and right mediastinal pleura.
distributed
Taking the sternal angle as the plane of the lower edge of the fourth thoracic vertebra
superior mediastinum
inferior mediastinum
Divided into anterior, middle and posterior parts by pericardium
anterior mediastinum between sternum and anterior pericardium
Pericardium, the middle mediastinum occupied by the heart and the roots of the great vessels connected to it
Posterior mediastinum between the pericardium and the thoracic spine
Chapter 4 Composition of the urinary system (urinary organ)
kidney
kidney shape
Parenchymal organs, attached to the posterior wall of the abdomen, one on each side, with the left kidney higher than the right kidney, shaped like a broad bean, with a smooth surface and reddish-brown color when fresh.
Divided into; upper and lower ends, inner and outer edges, and front and back sides.
The renal hilus; the lateral edge is convex; the middle edge of the medial edge is concave. It is the entry and exit site for the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and renal pelvis of the kidney.
Renal pedicles; these structures that lead to and from the renal hilum, are held together by connective tissue.
The renal pedicle is arranged; from front to back; renal vein, renal artery and renal pelvis.
Renal sinus; renal hilum continues into a larger cavity into the kidney.
location of kidneys
Kidney area; clinically, the angle between the lateral edge of the erector spinae muscle and the 12th rib is often called the kidney area.
Renal hilum; approximately the first lumbar vertebrae, 5 cm from the midline tangent.
upper end
lower end
12th Rib Relationship
renal hilum
left kidney
Lower edge of 11th thoracic vertebra
Lower edge of 2nd lumbar vertebra
central
Waist 1
right kidney
Upper edge of 12th thoracic vertebra
Upper edge of 3rd lumbar vertebra
upper part
Waist 1
structure of kidney;
renal parenchyma
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pyramids
renal papilla
nipple hole
The capsule of the kidney;
from the inside out;
fibrous capsule
fat sac
renal fascia
ureter
abdomen
Basin
wall interior
superior stenosis
Renal pelvis and ureteral transition
medium narrow
Across the intersection of the superior pelvic orifice and the iliac vessels
inferior stenosis
inside the ureteral wall
bladder
divisions of bladder
bladder base
bladder body
apex of bladder
bladder neck
Observe the internal structure
trigone of bladder;
Located inside the base of the bladder between the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice. Since the submucosal tissue, mucosa and muscle layer are closely connected here, there are no mucosal wrinkles whether the bladder is full or empty, making it a common site for bladder tuberculosis and tumors.
interureteral folds;
It is a cystoscopy that can be used as a marker to find the ureteral orifice.
urethra
female
Short, wide and straight
Urethral length; 4-5cm
External urethral orifice; opening into the vaginal vestibule
male
long and narrow
The urethra is 18-22cm long, from outside to inside
three parts
prostate
membrane part
corpus cavernosum
three narrow places
internal urethral orifice
membrane part
external urethral orifice
narrowest
Three expansions
navicular fossa of urethra
bulb of urethra
urethra and prostate
two bends
pubic lordosis
correctable
pubic subcurvature
Composition function
Excrete water-soluble acidic metabolic waste products
Chapter 5 Reproductive System (Genitals)
Male genitalia
internal genitalia
genitals
testis
Produces sperm [produced by the seminal tubules] and secretes male hormones
Pipeline
epididymis
Function: Temporarily stores sperm, provides nutrients, and promotes sperm maturation.
caput epididymis
Epididymis
cauda epididymis
vas deferens
The spermatic cord is the site of vasectomy.
subtopic
The spermatic cord is a pair of soft round cord-like structures extending from the upper end of the testicle to the deep ring of the inguinal canal, with a total length of 11-15cm.
Main components; vas deferens, testicular artery, pampiform venous plexus, nerve plexus, lymphatic vessels, remnants of peritoneal sheath process, etc.
These components consist of three layers of membranes, from outside to inside: external spermatic fascia, cremaster muscle, and internal spermatic fascia. Wrapped together, they are collectively called the spermatic cord.
ejaculatory duct
male urethra
During ejaculation, it is discharged out of the body through the vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra.
accessory glands
Seminal vesicle【1 pair】
Prostate [1 piece]
Slightly flattened chestnut shape inverted front and back
Point, body, bottom on top
divided into 5 leaves
anterior lobe
middle leaf
Also known as: prostatic isthmus
posterior lobe
Leaves on both sides
When the elderly suffer from prostatic hypertrophy, it often invades the middle lobe and lateral lobes, which can compress the urethra and cause difficulty in urination.
Bulourethral gland [1 pair]
external genitalia
scrotum
Accommodates epididymis and testicles
sex fluid
male copulatory organ
female genitals
internal genitalia
Gonads
ovaries
Organ that produces eggs and secretes female hormones
Ovarian fossa; located at the angle between the internal and external iliac arteries.
front and back edges
leading edge
mesangium
trailing edge
free edge
upper and lower ends
upper end
Fallopian tube end
lower end
subtopic
inside and outside
medial surface
Dirty noodles
lateral surface
Basin surface
Pipeline
oviduct
After the egg cells are fertilized in the fallopian tube, the fertilized eggs are transported to the uterine cavity to develop.
Divided into four parts from outside to inside
fallopian tube infundibulum
The fimbriae of the fallopian tubes are the symbol for identifying the fallopian tubes, the longest of which is called the fimbria ovaries.
fallopian tube ampulla
The ovaries are often fertilized here; the ampulla of the fallopian tube
fallopian tube isthmus
Ligation is often performed here; fallopian tube isthmus
uterus
Tiniest
Uterus
shape of uterus
Divided into three parts
Above, fundus of uterus
uterine body
lower, cervix
Cancer prone areas
uterine isthmus
The upper part of the cervix and vagina, the narrow part where it meets the body of the uterus.
cervix vaginal part;
The lower third protrudes into the vagina.
cervix vagina;
The upper two thirds are not inside the vagina.
location of uterus
Lean forward
Curvature between uterus and vagina >90°
bend forward
Curvature between the body of the uterus and the cervix [170° of the uterus itself]
uterine fixation device
broad ligament of uterus
Maintain neutrality and limit movement to both sides
round ligament of uterus
Maintain the anteversion of the uterus, [the angle between the uterus and vagina]
cardinal ligament of uterus
Maintain the normal position of the uterus without prolapse downwards
sacrouterine ligament
Maintain the anteflexion position of the uterus [the angle between the uterine body and the cervix]
vaginal
vaginal vault;
An annular depression forms between the lower end of the uterus and the vaginal wall
four domes
forward
posterior, the posterior is the deepest
Left
right
Rectum and uterus are sunken; if there is fluid accumulation or thickening, it can be punctured and drained through the posterior vaginal fornix.
accessory glands
Bartholin gland
external genitalia
vulva
mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
vaginal vestibule
clitoris
hymen
vestibular balls
Bartholin gland
perineum
Chapter 6 Peritoneum
peritoneum
visceral peritoneum
peritoneal cavity;
The visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum migrate and continue with each other, forming a very irregular cystic space in the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.
Male; completely closed to the outside world
Females; through the fallopian tube, the abdominal cavity, fallopian tube, uterine cavity and vagina are the same as the outside world.
parietal peritoneum
Relationship between peritoneum and pelvic organs
Internal organs; almost entirely covered by peritoneum
Stomach
upper part of duodenum
jejunum
ileum
Cecum
appendix
transverse colon
sigmoid colon
intestinal
spleen
ovaries
oviduct
Intermediate organ; three sides or half of the surface are covered by peritoneum
Ascending colon
Descending colon
upper rectum
liver
gallbladder
Frequent exams
bladder
Uterus
External organs, only one side is covered
Descending and horizontal parts of duodenum
mid rectum
head and body of pancreas
adrenal gland
kidney
ureter
structures formed by the peritoneum
omentum
omentum
Just above the small intestine, transverse colon and other abdominal organs, the upper edge is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach.
lesser omentum
concept
A double-layered peritoneal structure that extends downward from the porta hepatis to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the upper part of the ampulla of the duodenum
branch
Hepatogastric ligament; connects between the porta hepatis and the lesser curvature of the stomach
Hepatoduodenal ligament; connects the porta hepatis to the upper part of the duodenum
mesangium
The double-layer peritoneal structure connected between the intestines and other organs and the posterior abdominal wall, pelvic wall, etc.
Mainly include; intestinal [empty, gyrus] mesentery, appendiceal mesosome, transverse colon mesosome, sigmoid mesocolon, and ovarian mesentery.
ligament
hepatic ligament
splenic ligament
gastric ligament
peritoneal depression
male
rectovesical recess
between bladder and rectum
lowest part of abdominal cavity
female
Vesicouterine indentation; between the bladder and uterus
Rectometrium; between the rectum and the uterus
lowest part of abdominal cavity
Clinically, rectal puncture and posterior vaginal fornix puncture can be performed.
The tip of the renal pyramid merges into a renal papilla, which flows into the small renal calyces. The small renal calyces merge into the larger renal calyces, and the larger renal calyces merge into a funnel-shaped flat sac called the renal pelvis in the renal sinus.
The anterior and lower mucosa of the nasal septum has a rich plexus of blood vessels and is a common site for epistaxis. It is called the bleeding-prone area (Little area).
The common bile duct and pancreatic duct join to form the "hepatopancreatic ampulla": the common bile duct joins the "pancreatic duct" in the posteromedial wall of the middle part of the descending duodenum, forming a slightly enlarged common duct. Opens into the descending part of the duodenum (major papilla). The hepatopancreatic ampulla is surrounded by the hepatopancreatic ampulla sphincter (or sphincter of Oddi).