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MindMap Gallery Chapter 2 The materiality of the world and its development laws
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Chapter 2 The materiality of the world and its development laws
This is a mind map about Chapter 2: The materiality of the world and its development laws. The main contents include: Section 2: The universal connection and eternal development of things (dialectics), Section 1: The diversity of worlds and the unity of matter.
Edited at 2024-03-31 23:22:00
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Chapter 2 The materiality of the world and its development laws
- Valentine's Day marketing campaign
This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
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- Milano Cortina 2026 Ice Hockey Schedule
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- Outline
Chapter 2 The materiality of the world and its development laws
Section 2 The universal connection and eternal development of things (dialectics)
Two major characteristics
related
meaning
The mutual influence, constraints and effects between the elements within things and between things (there are connections both inside and outside)
connections and differences
Connection is based on difference (see connection in difference, see difference in connection)
Features
objectivity
The connection between things is inherent in the thing itself and is not subjective.
universality
inside things
The different parts and elements within anything are interconnected
Everything has an inherent structure
between things
Nothing can exist in isolation
They are all in a certain relationship with other things
The whole world
The whole world is a unified whole that is interconnected
Everything is a component or link in the universal connection of the world (universality of connection)
The universal connection of the world is realized through "intermediaries"
intermediary
The medium, link or bridge through which things connect with each other
Diversity
Materials are diverse -> The connections between things are diverse (accidental, inevitable, etc.)
conditionality
It has the function of restricting and supporting the development of things and human activities.
Conditions can be changed and created, but objective laws must be respected
developed
meaning
It is forward, upward movement
substance
It is the birth of new things and the death of old things
New things are invincible
relationship with environment
New things have new structures and functions and adapt to changed environments and conditions
relationship between old and new things
Taking the best and discarding the dross, and adding new content that the old things cannot accommodate.
socio-historical field
The product of the creative activities of advanced and creative people in society
Fundamentally conform to the interests and requirements of the people and be able to win the support of the people
old and new things
New things
Something that is in line with the direction of history and has great future (invincible)
Features
Have new functions and structures to adapt to changed environments and conditions
Improvement of old things, absorbing old advantages and adding new functions
In line with the interests of the masses and supported by the masses
old things
Something that has lost its historical inevitability and is becoming extinct day by day.
Whether something is new depends on whether it has developed in nature (old and new things have nothing to do with time)
Qianlang died on the beach
Each wave is better than the other.
development and process
The world is not a collection of ready-made things, but a collection of processes
Everything that comes into being in history will perish in history
Everything has its past, present and future
Connections and movement, change and development
The connection of things includes the interaction of things -> the movement, change and development of things
movement, change and development
All forms of movement imply certain changes (movement <--> change)
The basic trend of movement changes is development (not all movement changes are development)
Three major rules
The law of unity of opposites (the law of contradiction)
status
The essence and core of the materialist dialectics system
Reveals the driving force and source of the development of things
Attributes
Fighting
The two are mutually different, exclusive, and separated
Identity
The two are unified/connected and dependent on each other
The two interconnect/transform/promote each other (certain conditions)
trend
effect
Fighting
Quantitative change-accumulation->qualitative change
Identity
Excellent Enterprise<->Excellent Graduate
methodology
The development of things is reflected in "opposite and complementary" and "mutual complementation"
From the opposite side of things, grasp the unity of things and think backwards
Harmony does not mean the absolute unity of contradictions, but harmony without difference.
Notice
The identity and struggle of contradictions cannot work in isolation
Contradiction promotes the development of things, which is the result of the joint action of identity and struggle.
The relationship between the two
the difference
The struggle of contradictions is absolute and unconditional
The identity of contradiction is relative and conditional
connection/unity/dependence
interconnected, mutually reinforcing
Without struggle, there is no identity
There is no identity and no struggle. The struggle is contained in the identity.
methodology
Look at the problem in two parts: seek common ground while reserving differences (differences and connections), and transform things into each other
Summarize
Truth and falsity (examples)
Essence
concept
universality
Common/general/abstract
Contradictions are always present and everywhere
particularity
Personal/individual/specific
The contradictions of specific things in their movement and each aspect of each contradiction have their own characteristics
form
Different things have different contradictions
Contradictions in different stages of the same thing are different
Different aspects of each contradiction have different natures, statuses, and functions.
relation
the difference
The commonality of contradictions is unconditional and absolute
Contradictory personality is conditional and relative
Connection (interdependence, organic unity)
Everything that exists in reality is an organic unity of commonality and individuality.
Commonality resides in individuality. There is no commonality without individuality, and there is no individuality without commonality.
Common characteristics and individuality can be transformed into each other (certain conditions)
Whole and part ≠ commonality and individuality
apples and fruits
Contradictory Unbalanced Development Theory
concept
Fundamental (basic) contradictions run through the development process of things and determine the nature of things
The main contradiction plays a decisive role in the development of things and occupies a dominant position (stage) in the contradiction system
relation
In every pair of contradictions, there are primary and secondary aspects of the contradiction.
The nature of things is determined by the main aspects of contradiction
contradiction
basic contradiction (fundamental contradiction)
primary aspect/secondary aspect
Many other contradictions
main contradiction
primary aspect/secondary aspect
secondary contradiction
primary aspect/secondary aspect
internal and external factors
the difference
Internal factors are the fundamental reasons for the development of things, and external factors are the secondary reasons for the development of things.
connect
The development of things is determined by internal factors and affected by external factors
External factors must work through internal factors, and the two work together to promote the progress of things
The law of qualitative variable change (the law of mutual change of quality)
Reveals the status and form of the development of things
quality
concept
The inherent determination of a thing that becomes itself and distinguishes it from other things
Understanding quality is the starting point and basis for understanding and practice
significance
Only by understanding quality can we distinguish things
quantity
concept
The scale, extent, speed of things, and the arrangement and combination of its components in space, etc.
stipulations that can be expressed in terms of quantitative relationships
significance
Understanding the quantity of things is the deepening and precision of understanding
Tian Ji's Horse Racing - Quantitative Changes
Spend
A range (interval) rather than endpoints (joint points, critical points)
degrees and joints
Qualitative variable-change relationship (unity of opposites)
Quantitative change is the necessary preparation for qualitative change
Qualitative change is the inevitable result of quantitative change
Quantitative change and qualitative change interpenetrate each other (quantitative change has qualitative change, and qualitative change has quantitative change)
Dialectical view of negation (negation of negation)
Reveals the direction and path of development of things
affirmative factor
factors that maintain the existence of existing things
negative factors
Factors that promote the demise of existing things (development and change of things)
Fundamental contents
Negation is the self-negation of things and the result of the internal contradictory movement of things.
Negation is the key to the development of things
Negation is the link between old and new things
The essence of dialectical negation: "sublation" (carrying forward and abandoning)
Dialectical development (picture)
Two negations, three stages (yes-no-no-no)
Development process (no no - sublation (carry forward and abandon))
A. Seeing both positive factors and negative factors of things (promoting the development of things)
B. Carry forward the negative factors of A and abandon the positive factors of A (no) → B
C. Carry forward the negative factors of B and abandon the positive factors of B (no of no) → C (new thing (compared to A))
content
The process of developing yourself and improving yourself (self-denial)
formal
spiral or wave
direction
Advance and rise
the way
circuitous
Metaphysical view of negation (opposite view of dialectical negation)
Negation of external forces
Either affirm everything or deny everything
Straight up
To encourage growth
Five pairs of categories (the basic links of related development—the original shape must be revealed)
memory skills
The law of contradiction
Cause and result, necessity and chance, phenomenon and essence
Distinguish from each other, transform into each other
Possibility and reality
Interdependent, inseparable; interaction, mutual influence
content and form
Necessity and chance
concept
Categories that reveal different trends in the occurrence, development and demise of objective things
necessity
The inevitable and unwavering trend in the relationship and development of things
chance
A trend that does not necessarily occur and can appear in different forms in the relationship and development of things.
Relationship (unity of opposites)
Struggle (distinction from each other)
The causes of production and formation are different
Necessity arises from the fundamental contradiction within things
Contingency arises from non-fundamental contradictions and external conditions
Different forms of expression
necessity
The development process is relatively stable, relatively stable in time and space, and is a common development trend of similar things.
chance
Unstable, temporary, and uncertain are individual manifestations in the development process of things.
Different positions and roles in the development of things
Inevitability—dominance determines the direction of development of things
Contingency - subordinate position promotes or delays the inevitable process of development (influence process)
Identity
mutual unity/dependence
Necessity exists in contingency and expresses itself through a large number of contingency
Behind contingency lies necessity, which is the expression and formal supplement of necessity.
mutual transformation
Necessity and contingency can transform into each other under certain conditions
methodology
Pay attention to the inevitability of the development of things and grasp the general trend of the development of things
Good at discovering necessity from chance and seizing opportunities that are conducive to the development of things
Possibility and reality
concept
A category that reveals the interrelationships between the past, present, and future of things
Possibility (trend)
Various trends included in things and indicating their future development
reality (actual existence)
a synthesis of interconnected actual things
relation
Distinguish from each other
Possibility ≠ Realization, reality is already impossible
Reality is the objective existence of the present, marking the current state of things
It may be the potential trend of things and mark the direction of development of things.
mutual transformation
No mutual unity/dependence
Reality contains the direction of future development and will continue to create new possibilities.
May include factors and basis for development into reality (possibility → reality-subjective and objective conditions are mature)
methodology
Based on reality and looking to the future
Impossibility and possibility (conditions)
impossible
Hai Di Lao Yue
possible
Realistically possible (under sufficient conditions) - Fishing from the bottom of the sea
Abstract Possibility (Insufficient Conditions) - Finding a Needle in a Haystack
Phenomenon and Essence
concept
Reveal the interrelationship categories between the internal connections and external manifestations of things
Relationship (unity of opposites)
Struggle (distinction from each other)
concept
Nature
The fundamental nature and the internal relationship between the elements that make up things
Hidden within things and can only be grasped through rational thinking
Phenomenon
The external connections and surface characteristics of things are the external manifestations of things
Surface, apparent, directly perceptible by human senses
Features
The essence is general and universal; relatively stable
Phenomenon is individual and concrete; changeable and perishable
Identity (interdependence, transformation)
Essence determines phenomena, and essential issues express their existence through certain phenomena.
Phenomenon expresses essence, and the existence and change of phenomenon ultimately depend on essence.
methodology
Look beyond the surface
Both truth and illusion can represent the essence of things
Causes and consequences
concept
Reveal the relationship categories of things that are successive and mutually restrictive
The relationship between causing (cause) and being caused (result) is called causality
Relationship (dialectic)
The distinction is both definite and indeterminate (difference)
Interpenetrate each other, the effect exists in the cause, and the cause is manifested in the effect (connection/dependence)
Interaction, mutual causation, the cause produces the effect, and the effect in turn affects the cause (transformation)
The relationship is complex and diverse (the mapping relationship can be one (many) to one (many))
methodology
Forewarned is forearmed, without prejudging the waste
form and content
concept
Reveal the relationship between the intrinsic elements of things and the structure and expression of these elements.
form
The structure and presentation of content combined with each other
content
The sum of all the elements that make up a thing is the basis for the existence of a thing
relation
interdependent, inseparable
The content of anything has a certain form, and every form also has a certain content
interaction, mutual influence
Content determines form, and form reacts on content
The form is suitable for the content and plays a positive role in promoting the development of the content.
The form is not suitable for the content and plays a negative role in hindering the development of the content.
methodology
Pay attention to content and be good at using form
Section 1: Diverse Patterns of the World and Material Unity
matter and its form
Basic philosophical issues and their content
definition
It is a systematic and theoretical world view and methodology.
source
Hegel
Idealism (adhere to dialectics -> dialectical idealism)
Feuerbach
Materialism (metaphysics)
Before the emergence of Marx’s materialist dialectics There is also materialism and dialectics
marx
Dialectical materialism (taking the essence of predecessors)
The greatest contribution: the creation of historical materialism (ending the dominance of historical idealism in history)
Research object
The relationship between matter and consciousness
research relationships
primacy and identity
Study the problems of the entire human society, non-individual problems
basic questions of philosophy
Firstness (original)
matter (existence)
Materialism (horse)
Consciousness (mind/spirit)
idealism
Subjective idealism (starting from human heart)
Objective idealism (starting from outside the human heart)
unity (essence)
Knowledgeable Theory (Horse)
Consciousness can reflect matter
the world can be known
Human society (not individual individuals)
Ability to recognize the true nature of things now or in the future
agnosticism
Consciousness cannot reflect matter
Historical materialism and historical idealism
Social existence determines social consciousness (historical materialism)
Social consciousness determines social existence (historical idealism)
Dialectics and Metaphysics
A perspective on how the world exists
dialectics
contact development
Internal contradictions of things are the fundamental cause of development
metaphysics
Isolated and still
Deny the existence and role of internal contradictions in things
The dialectical relationship between matter and consciousness
Matter and material categories
Definition (modern materialism)
Exists independently of consciousness (primacy)
Can be reflected by consciousness (knowability)
What is matter? objective reality
ancient simple materialism
One or several specific substances (substance is equivalent to the specific form of matter)
Features
Intuitiveness, simplicity
modern mechanical materialism
Atoms (the properties of atoms are the common properties of all material forms)
Features
Isolated and still
Deny the existence and role of internal contradictions in things
shortcoming
Unable to withstand the test of the development of natural science
Unable to withstand the attack of idealism
modern dialectical materialism
Objective reality is the essential determination of matter (the only characteristic of matter)
Purpose
Comprehensively understand the nature and objective laws of the world
Respect objective laws, understand laws, and utilize laws
Features
Contact development (dialectics)
diversity, unity
Internal contradictions of things are the fundamental cause of development
Notice
philosophical matter
Relations of production
Crows drinking water, mountain water, and the Arctic magnetic field
Philosophical matter and natural science matter
Natural science matter - individuality, particularity, relativity
Philosophical substance (objective reality) - universality, universality, absoluteness
The difference between old and new materialism: historical perspective New and Old Materialism: View of Nature (Materialism)
Fundamental properties and basic forms of existence of matter
Movement (how does it exist?)
Matter & Motion (indivisible)
Matter is matter in motion (everything is in motion)
Movement is the movement of matter (the subject of movement is matter)
There is nothing in the world but matter in motion
Absolute motion & relative stillness
Absolute motion (universal state)
The changes and processes of everything in the universe
absolute, universal, unconditional
Relatively stationary (special state)
The relative balance of material movement, a temporarily stable state (relative stillness under a specific time and space)
relative, special, conditional
example
There is stillness in movement, and there is movement in stillness.
View
idealism
Only recognize movement and deny matter
sophistry
Only recognize movement and deny stillness
metaphysics
Only recognize stillness and deny movement
Notice
Recognize both motion and stillness
acknowledging the meaning of relative stillness
1. It is a measure of the movement of matter
2. It is a prerequisite for the development of material existence
3. Acknowledging relative stillness is the prerequisite and condition for understanding things (understand stillness first, then understand movement)
Relative stillness - datum (a certain state) Absolute motion - different states (contrast)
Unconditional absolute movement and conditional relative stillness constitute the contradictory movement of things
Time and space (the way movement exists)
Space-time & material movement (inseparable)
Material movement always takes place in a certain time and space
Time and space are expressed through changes in material movement
time
Continuity, sequence (one-dimensionality)
space
Extensibility, extensibility (three-dimensionality)
objectivity infinity Individual finitude and relativity of specific characteristics
Practice (human existence form)
concept
Social life: a general term for people’s various social activities
Practice differentiates people (society) and nature (nature)
Practice is the basis (bridge) for the unification of objective laws and subjective initiative
Understand the essence of social life based on practice
I. Practice is the basis for the differentiation and unification of natural existence and social existence
II. Practice is the foundation of human society and the key to understanding all social phenomena
the practicality of social life
1. Practice is the basis for the formation of social relations
2. Practice forms the basic area of social life
3. Practice constitutes the driving force for social development
Chapter 3 explains the practice in detail
The dialectical relationship between matter and consciousness
the emergence of consciousness
origin
It is the product of long-term development of nature
is a product of social history
Nature
Functions and properties of the human brain (special substance)
Subjective image of the objective world (unity of subjectivity and objectivity)
three stages of development
From the reactive properties of all substances to the irritability of lower organisms
Senses and psychology of higher animals
human consciousness
Little knowledge points
Social practice, especially labor, plays a decisive role in the emergence and development of consciousness.
Only humans are conscious, other animals are thought to be unconscious
The relationship between matter and consciousness
matter, consciousness, language
Derived from matter (objective content)
Exists in the human brain (formal subjectivity)
subjective image of the material world The unity of objective content and subjective form
Expressed in language (the physical shell of consciousness)
Verbal, physical, written, etc.
The relationship between object, meaning and language
Consciousness is objective in content and subjective in form
Matter determines consciousness, and consciousness depends on matter and reacts (the active role of consciousness) on matter.
Material - consciousness - language (material determines consciousness, language expresses consciousness)
The active role of consciousness (subjective initiative)
meaning
It is the ability and activity unique to human consciousness to actively reflect and transform the world.
The ability of people to actively understand the world and actively transform the world
Manifestations
Purposeful and planned (the country’s five-year plan, to achieve a certain goal)
Creativity (air conditioning)
The role of guiding practice in transforming the objective world
The role of regulating and controlling people's behavior and physiological activities (people will not defecate anywhere, etc.)
The unity of subjective initiative and objective laws
Laws and their objectivity
Objectivity is the fundamental characteristic of laws
You cannot defy the rules, you cannot create or destroy the rules, you cannot change the rules (you can change the conditions)
Classification
laws of nature
Spontaneous, unconscious, without subjective and objective mutual constraints
Social laws (more complex - people are involved)
Consciously, consciously, with subjective and objective mutual constraints
All are rules All are objective (not transferred by human consciousness)
Notice
Both natural and social laws can be repeated, but social laws cannot be reproduced exactly as they are.
The relationship between subjective initiative and objective regularity
do whatever you want
Do nothing
Only by giving full play to subjective initiative can we better understand and utilize the laws
Play correctly (respect objective laws)
Adhere to the premise that matter determines consciousness and acknowledge the active role of consciousness
premise
Respect objective laws (start from reality and strive to understand and grasp the development laws of things)
basic approach
Social practice (Practice is the basic way to give full play to people’s subjective initiative)
Dependencies
Certain material conditions and means
Objective laws (matter) are the basis and premise, and subjective initiative is consciousness.