Lateral deviation of the neck: congenital torticollis

The chest is sunken and the head and neck are tilted forward.

lumbar spine

Posture

Organic (cannot be corrected by changing body position)

Cervical myofibrotitis, cervical spondylosis, tuberculosis or tumor infiltration, cervical spine trauma, fracture, joint dislocation

Lumbar muscle fibrous tissue inflammation and ligament damage, lumbar spinal stenosis, intervertebral disc herniation, lumbar tuberculosis or tumors, lumbar fracture or dislocation

Indirect percussion of radiating pain in upper limbs

Positive traction test

Indenter test positive

Cervical spondylosis, cervical disc herniation

Degenerative changes of cervical facet joints

Increased pain in the upper limbs of the neck: cervical spondylosis

Worsening pain in lower limbs: radicular sciatica

Head tilted back, neck rotation to the left and right, dizziness, headache, blurred vision: vertebral artery type cervical spondylosis

The patient is lying on his back with his knees and hips flexed, holding his hands in front of his knees. The examiner holds his knees with his hands and sways from side to side. Pain is a positive sign: lumbosacral lesions.

Instruct the patient to pick up something on the ground. If the patient first squats down with one hand on his knees and approaches the object with his waist straight, the prompt is positive: lumbar disc herniation, lumbar muscle trauma and inflammation.

If the leg is raised less than 70 degrees and is accompanied by radiating pain on the back of the lower limb, it is positive:

Lift your legs and apply pressure with your hands to dorsiflex the soles and ankle joints:

Lift the patient's head with your hands and bend the neck forward. If there is radiating pain in the lower limbs, it is positive: 'Root-shoulder patient' with lumbar disc herniation.

Lifting the lower limbs, hyperextending the hip joint, and reflex pain in the front of the thigh: high lumbar disc herniation (lumbar 2-3 or waist 3-4)

Shoulder dislocation Deltoid muscle atrophy

Traumatic acromioclavicular joint dislocation

Congenital scapulohumeral syndrome, scoliosis

Frozen shoulder, limited joint movement in all directions

Pain when abducting 60 degrees; pain disappears when abducting exceeds 120 degrees

Pain when the shoulder joint is abducted, but it can still be abducted

Pain with slight abduction

Positive shoulder test

humeral tubercle tenderness

Greater tuberosity tenderness of humerus

Tenderness below the medial aspect of the acromion

>15 degrees, elbow valgus

<5 degrees, elbow varus

The protrusion above the cubital fossa indicates anterior displacement of the lower humerus.

Outside and below the cubital fossa, protruding toward the radial side

The olecranon protrudes behind the elbow, and the anatomical relationship between Hüter's line and Hüter's triangle changes.

non-hodgkin lymphoma

Partial bulge on the dorsal or lateral side of the wrist joint

Swelling on the back of the wrist joint

The capitellum of the ulna bulges toward the wrist

Fusiform swelling of the metacarpophalangeal joints, wrist joints, and proximal fingertip joints

Fusiform swelling of distal fingertip joints with characteristic Heberden nodules

Spindle-shaped swelling of a single knuckle

Lateral swelling of interphalangeal joints

Radial nerve injury (extensor carpi longus)

median nerve injury

Ulnar nerve injury, progressive muscular atrophy, syringomyelia, leprosy

Colles' fracture with dislocation of the radial head

Hypoxia Metabolic disorder Poisoning

iron deficiency

Tuberculosis of hip joint, transient synovitis, aseptic necrosis of femoral head

sequelae of polio

Congenital bilateral hip dislocation

Hip ankylosis, septic hip arthritis

hip swelling

Dislocation of hip joint on one side

sense of fluctuation

Firm and full

emptiness

hip arthritis or fracture

Friction between hypertrophic dilator fascia and greater trochanter of femur

Rickets

Rickets in children

Post-polio syndrome, knee tuberculosis

More than medium amount of fluid accumulation (50ml)

Positive medial knee pain: medial collateral ligament injury

Positive pain on the lateral side of the knee joint: lateral collateral ligament injury

Ankle sprain, tuberculosis, septic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis

The dorsum of the foot, or below the inner and outer ankles

Swelling at the root tubercle

Second, localized swelling on the dorsal side of the third metatarsophalangeal joint or the shaft of the metatarsal bone