MindMap Gallery Acid-base metabolism disorder
Pathophysiology of acid-base metabolism disorders mind map, including metabolic alkalosis, Respiratory alkalosis, etc. It’s not easy to make, please give me more likes!
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The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
Acid-base metabolism disorder
metabolic alkalosis
[HCO3-]↑ in the formula
H ↓
Imbalance inside and outside the body
lose
Gastrointestinal tract: vomiting
Via kidney:
Diuretic use, such as furosemide or thiazide diuretics
Excess secretion of adrenocortical hormones
intracellular imbalance
enter
Hypokalemia
Paradoxical acidic urine may be seen in hypokalemic alkalosis
HCO3-↑
Imbalance inside and outside the body
enter
Taking too much NaHCO3
Infusion of sodium lactate, sodium acetate or large amounts of citrate anticoagulated banked blood
intracellular imbalance
Liver failure, urea synthesis disorder
Classification Standard: Whether it can be corrected by physiological saline
Yes, saline reactive alkalosis
Vomit
use diuretics
Gastric juice attraction
All lost CL-
No, saline-resistant alkalosis
Hypokalemia
Increased mineralocorticoids
etc.
respiratory alkalosis
PaCO2↓ in the formula
Hyperventilation
Hypoxemia and pulmonary disease (ARDS)
Respiratory center stimulation or psychogenic hyperventilation
Strong body metabolism
Improper use of human ventilator
Classification
Acute respiratory alkali
Chronic respiratory alkali
respiratory acidosis
PaCO2↑ in the formula
Too much input, high CO2 in the external environment
Too much CO2 inhalation
Ventilation disorders lead to CO2 retention
Respiratory center is suppressed
airway obstruction
Respiratory muscle paralysis
Thoracic lesions
Lung disease
etc.
Classification
Acute acid breathing
Chronic acid breathing
Compared with acid replacement, what’s special about acid breathing
CO2 causes dilation of blood vessels in the brain, causing intracranial hypertension
PaCO2>80mmHg, CO2 paralysis will occur. Confusion, delirium, drowsiness, coma, etc. (pulmonary encephalopathy)
Therefore, acid respiration is better than acid respiration More damaging to the central nervous system
metabolic acidosis
[HCO3-]↓ in the formula
H ↑
Imbalance inside and outside the body
enter
Enter large quantities of acid-forming or chlorine-containing acid-forming drugs
out
severe kidney failure
renal tubular acidosis
Type I acidosis
Hydrogen secretion disorder
Type II acidosis
Reabsorption of HCO3-↓
Use carbonic anhydrase/CA inhibitors
intracellular imbalance
synthesis
Seen in diabetic ketoacidosis
During tissue ischemia/hypoperfusion and hypoxia, large amounts of lactic acid are synthesized
out
hyperkalemia
In hyperkalemic acidosis, abnormal alkaline urine may be seen
HCO3-↓
Imbalance inside and outside the body
enter
out
Transcutaneous: Extensive burns
Gastrointestinal tract: diarrhea
inside and outside the cell
dilution
Rapid infusion of normal saline or HCO3--free fluids in large amounts
Classification Standard: Whether fixed acid increases
Yes, AG-increased acidification/normochloremia type acidification
diabetic ketoacidosis
severe kidney failure
salicylic acid poisoning
lactic acidosis
No, AG normal acid substitute/blood chloride increased acid substitute
Renal tubular acidosis
dilutional acidosis
diarrhea
etc.
changes in urine
What kind of poisoning is common and what kind of urine is produced?
There are also special cases, such as hypokalemia and alkalosis, where abnormal acidic urine can be seen in the body. ;Also when there is renal dysfunction, acidic urine may be seen in the body.
(Simplified) Effect on the body: Acid weakens circulation and alkali weakens lungs Dozing off due to acid, convulsing due to alkali Acid cartilage, alkali cramps
Cramps and convulsions
Decreased GABA
Increased GABA
Reduced myocardial contractility
Reduced responsiveness to catecholamines
ventricular arrhythmias
formula: