MindMap Gallery Health Manager Basic Knowledge Chapter 4 Common Chronic Diseases Section 3 High Blood Pressure
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The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
Health Manager Basic Knowledge Chapter 4 Common Chronic Diseases Section 3 Hypertension
Overview
feature
persistently elevated arterial blood pressure
nature
progressive cardiovascular disease
status quo
The most common chronic diseases in the world
Danger
coronary heart disease
cerebrovascular disease
chronic kidney disease
The most important risk factors for morbidity and mortality
Definition¬¬¬
Hypertension is a progressive cardiovascular damaging disease characterized by a sustained increase in arterial blood pressure
1. Epidemiology of hypertension
1. Prevalence of hypertension
"China Cardiovascular Disease Report 2015"
4 nationwide sampling surveys on hypertension
Prevalence of hypertension among people over 15 years old
result
1958-1959
5.1%
1979-1980
7.7%
year 1991
13.6%
year 2002
17.6%
"Report on Nutrition and Chronic Disease Status of Chinese Residents 2015"
2012
The prevalence of hypertension among adults 18 years and older is 25.2%
Urban (26.8%) is higher than rural (23.5%)
Men are higher than women
Significantly increases with age
There are 270 million people with hypertension in China
2. Prevalence of hypertension in children
"Report on Nutrition and Chronic Disease Status of Chinese Residents (2015)"
year 2010
The prevalence of hypertension among Chinese children is 14.5%
Boys are higher than girls (16.1% vs 12.9%)
The prevalence of hypertension in children increases with age
3. Detection rate of high normal blood pressure
year 1991
29.4%
Year 2009
38.7%
Showing an obvious upward trend
4. Awareness rate, treatment rate and control rate of hypertension
year 1991
22.49%, 12.0%, 3.0%
Year 2009
26.1%, 22.8%, 6.1%
Summarize
Overall, the awareness rate, treatment rate, and control rate of hypertension are on the rise.
but still at a low level
5. Hypertension management
"China's Mid- and Long-term Plan for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases (2017-2025)"
Number of people managed by hypertensive patients
2017 baseline: 88.35 million people
By 2020 and 2025, the number will reach 100 million and 110 million respectively
Standardized management rate for hypertensive patients
2017 baseline: 50%
By 2020 and 2025, it will reach 60% and 70% respectively
2. Diagnosis of hypertension
(1) Concepts and diagnostic criteria related to hypertension
clinical diagnostic criteria for hypertension
Measure blood pressure three times on different days
Systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90mmHg
Classification
essential hypertension
unexplained high blood pressure
Most require lifelong treatment
secondary hypertension
Increased blood pressure caused by certain diseases
Accounting for 5%-10% of hypertension
Many can be cured with specific treatments
white coat hypertension
The patient goes to a medical institution to have his or her blood pressure measured higher than 140/90mmHg
Ambulatory blood pressure 24-hour average <130/80mmHg
Home self-measured blood pressure value <135/85mmHg
hidden hypertension
The patient goes to a medical institution to measure blood pressure <140/90mmHg
Ambulatory blood pressure 24-hour average >130/80mmHg
Self-measured blood pressure value at home is higher than 135/85mmHg
(2) Standard method of blood pressure measurement¬¬¬
office blood pressure
Patient's blood pressure measured by medical staff in medical unit
At present, the diagnosis of hypertension is generally based on office blood pressure.
Self-measured blood pressure
The subject's blood pressure measured in other settings outside the clinic
Generally: self-measured blood pressure value < office blood pressure value
Upper limit of normal reference value: 135/85 mmHg
ambulatory blood pressure
definition
24-hour blood pressure recorded by the patient wearing an ambulatory blood pressure monitor
Domestic reference standards for normal values of ambulatory blood pressure
24-hour average <130/80mmHg
Daytime average <135/85mmHg
Average nighttime <125/75mmHg
The average nighttime blood pressure is 10%-15% lower than the average daytime blood pressure
Generally: ambulatory blood pressure value <office blood pressure value
3. Risk factors for hypertension ¬¬¬
genetics
envirnmental factor
bad lifestyle
Modifiable risk factors
Overweight/obese or abdominal obesity
High salt diet
long-term excessive drinking
Chronic mental stress
immutable risk factors
gender
age
family history
Main risk factors for hypertension in China¬¬¬
(1) High-sodium, low-potassium diet
Sodium salt (sodium chloride) intake is positively correlated with blood pressure levels and the prevalence of hypertension
Potassium salt intake is inversely related to blood pressure levels
Dietary sodium/potassium ratio more strongly associated with blood pressure
A diet high in sodium and low in potassium is the main risk factor for most patients with hypertension in my country.
(2) Overweight and obesity
BMI≥24kg/m2
The risk of high blood pressure is 3 to 4 times higher than that of people with normal weight
The risk of developing diabetes is 2 to 3 times higher than that of people of normal weight
People with two or more risk factors are 3 to 4 times more likely to develop hypertension and diabetes than those with normal weight.
BMI≥28kg/m2
More than 90% suffer from the above diseases or have risk factors.
Waist circumference ≥85cm for men, ≥80cm for women
The risk of hypertension is 3.5 times higher for those with a waist circumference below this limit
The risk of developing diabetes is 2.5 times higher for those with a waist circumference below this limit
The risk of hypertension and diabetes for people with two or more risk factors is more than 4 times that of normal weight.
The blood pressure level and prevalence of hypertension in my country are higher in the north than in the south
For every 3-point increase in baseline body mass index, the risk of developing hypertension within four years increases by 57% for women and 50% for men.
(3) Drinking alcohol
Drinking rate among middle-aged people in my country
Male 30%~66%
Women 2%~7%
Male consistent drinkers are more likely than non-drinkers
Risk of high blood pressure increases by 40% within 4 years
Drinking an average of more than 3 drinks a day
Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure increased by an average of 3.5mmHg and 2.1mmHg respectively.
The increase in blood pressure increases with the amount of alcohol consumed
(4) Other risk factors
genetics
gender
age
Too much work pressure
psychological factors
Hyperlipidemia
High blood pressure is related to genetic factors
Both parents have high blood pressure
The incidence of hypertension in children can reach 46%
One parent has high blood pressure
The incidence of hypertension in children is 28%
Parents have normal blood pressure
The incidence of hypertension in children is only 3%
women before menopause
The proportion of suffering from high blood pressure is slightly lower than that of men
after menopause
There is no significant difference in the prevalence rate among men, and it is even higher than that among men.
Note: ¬¬¬Things marked are key contents