MindMap Gallery History of foreign literature
For self-study undergraduate studies, the history of foreign literature covers the literary works of different countries and nations from ancient times to modern times, including works from various literary genres and cultural backgrounds.
Edited at 2024-03-29 11:08:04This is a flowchart illustrating the process of archiving monthly failure analysis reports and tracking the implementation of improvement measures. The diagram is structured into five main steps, each with specific tasks and sub-tasks.Monthly Report Collection & Organization: This step involves collecting failure analysis reports from various departments, reviewing them for completeness, and categorizing them by product, failure mode, and severity. Root Cause Analysis & Statistics: Here, the focus is on categorizing causes, analyzing trends, identifying root causes, and compiling statistics on high-frequency failure modes and key components. Improvement Measure Formulation & Assignment: This step includes formulating improvement measures, assigning responsibilities, and setting timelines for implementation.Measure Implementation Tracking & Verification: It involves tracking the progress of implementation, verifying effectiveness, and confirming issue closure.Knowledge Base Update & Monthly Report Output: The final step covers archiving reports, updating the knowledge base, and compiling monthly summaries.This template can be easily reused and adapted using tools like EdrawMind to suit different organizational needs.
This is a timeline infographic detailing the annual product certification acquisition countdown process, structured into four sequential phases. The first phase, Certification Planning & Initiation, encompasses goal setting, timeline planning, resource preparation, defining specific certification objectives such as CCC/CE/FCC, formulating an annual plan with key milestones, and allocating necessary budget, personnel, and sample resources. Following this, the Application & Testing Phase involves material submission, coordination with certification agencies, core testing procedures, preparation of technical documents, application forms, and samples, selection of the appropriate certification agency, and execution of critical safety, EMC, and RF tests. The subsequent Rectification & Acquisition Phase focuses on addressing and rectifying any identified issues, re-verification processes, acquisition of the certificate, analysis of test issues, implementation of necessary fixes, and modification of samples for supplemental testing. Finally, the Countdown Monitoring phase emphasizes tracking progress, managing risks, monitoring remaining days and key milestones, managing time, technical, and cost risks, and maintaining effective internal and external communication throughout the process. This comprehensive template can be readily reused and adapted using tools like EdrawMind to meet diverse organizational requirements.
This is a flowchart detailing the weekly update and review plan for technical documents. The process is divided into six main stages, each with specific tasks and responsibilities. It begins with Weekly Planning, where the document scope is defined, update objectives are set, and schedules are arranged. Next, Document Updates involve maintaining various documents such as hardware design documents, test specifications, and BOM tables, alongside version control and archiving. Internal Review Preparation follows, focusing on compiling review materials, identifying participants, and setting agendas. The Review Meeting stage includes document examination, problem discussion, decision recording, and responsibility allocation. After the meeting, Review Feedback Processing takes place, involving issue tracking, document modification, quality checks, and closure verification. Finally, Output Deliverables are prepared, including official release versions, release notifications, review reports, and plans for the next week. This structured approach ensures systematic and efficient management of technical documents, and the template can be easily adapted using tools like EdrawMind.
This is a flowchart illustrating the process of archiving monthly failure analysis reports and tracking the implementation of improvement measures. The diagram is structured into five main steps, each with specific tasks and sub-tasks.Monthly Report Collection & Organization: This step involves collecting failure analysis reports from various departments, reviewing them for completeness, and categorizing them by product, failure mode, and severity. Root Cause Analysis & Statistics: Here, the focus is on categorizing causes, analyzing trends, identifying root causes, and compiling statistics on high-frequency failure modes and key components. Improvement Measure Formulation & Assignment: This step includes formulating improvement measures, assigning responsibilities, and setting timelines for implementation.Measure Implementation Tracking & Verification: It involves tracking the progress of implementation, verifying effectiveness, and confirming issue closure.Knowledge Base Update & Monthly Report Output: The final step covers archiving reports, updating the knowledge base, and compiling monthly summaries.This template can be easily reused and adapted using tools like EdrawMind to suit different organizational needs.
This is a timeline infographic detailing the annual product certification acquisition countdown process, structured into four sequential phases. The first phase, Certification Planning & Initiation, encompasses goal setting, timeline planning, resource preparation, defining specific certification objectives such as CCC/CE/FCC, formulating an annual plan with key milestones, and allocating necessary budget, personnel, and sample resources. Following this, the Application & Testing Phase involves material submission, coordination with certification agencies, core testing procedures, preparation of technical documents, application forms, and samples, selection of the appropriate certification agency, and execution of critical safety, EMC, and RF tests. The subsequent Rectification & Acquisition Phase focuses on addressing and rectifying any identified issues, re-verification processes, acquisition of the certificate, analysis of test issues, implementation of necessary fixes, and modification of samples for supplemental testing. Finally, the Countdown Monitoring phase emphasizes tracking progress, managing risks, monitoring remaining days and key milestones, managing time, technical, and cost risks, and maintaining effective internal and external communication throughout the process. This comprehensive template can be readily reused and adapted using tools like EdrawMind to meet diverse organizational requirements.
This is a flowchart detailing the weekly update and review plan for technical documents. The process is divided into six main stages, each with specific tasks and responsibilities. It begins with Weekly Planning, where the document scope is defined, update objectives are set, and schedules are arranged. Next, Document Updates involve maintaining various documents such as hardware design documents, test specifications, and BOM tables, alongside version control and archiving. Internal Review Preparation follows, focusing on compiling review materials, identifying participants, and setting agendas. The Review Meeting stage includes document examination, problem discussion, decision recording, and responsibility allocation. After the meeting, Review Feedback Processing takes place, involving issue tracking, document modification, quality checks, and closure verification. Finally, Output Deliverables are prepared, including official release versions, release notifications, review reports, and plans for the next week. This structured approach ensures systematic and efficient management of technical documents, and the template can be easily adapted using tools like EdrawMind.
foreign literature
ancient literature
Ancient Greek mythology
mythical earth mother
Gaia
Myth characteristics
In Greek mythology, gods are highly personified. Gods and humans are of the same shape and sex. They not only have human images and personalities, but also human emotions and desires, and are extremely secular.
feature
Distinctive humanistic color and concept of destiny
Realism and romanticism coexist
Variety and groundbreaking
Author profile
Virgil
greatest poet of ancient rome
"Aeneas"
Horace (ancient Rome)
Lyrical Poems "Songbook"
Literary Essay "Poetry"
Ovid (ancient Rome)
Augustus the last poet
Love Poem "Kama Sutra"
"Metamorphosis Plan"
Systematically organize ancient Greek and Roman myths and historical legends in chronological order
"Work and Time"
real life themes
lyric poet
Sappho, Anacreon, Pindar (ancient Rome)
Homeric
Glossary
Including "Ilion" and "Odysseus", the two earliest epics of ancient Greece, written by Homer.
"Elion"
The leader of the Greek coalition~Achilles’ wrath
"The Odyssey"
Odysseus~the idealized early slave owner
Heroic temperament of bravery, tenacity and extraordinary wisdom
Complex character
Reflects the awakening of personal consciousness
The former writes about tribal wars, while the latter writes about what happened during Odysseus' 10 years of wandering at sea after the war.
Praise the spirit of collectivism and heroism
The Twoi War as a background
ancient greek drama
Three great tragic poets
father of tragedy
Aeschylus
Increasing the number of actors from one to two strengthened the dialogue portion. The structural formula and artistic features of Greek tragedy have been basically formed in the play.
Dramatic Art Homer
Sophocles
First, three actors are used in the tragedy to enhance the dramatic dialogue and action. It breaks the tradition of "triptych" and marks the maturity of Greek tragedy.
"Oedipus the King"
philosopher on stage
Euripides
The end of the heroic tragedies of the past announced the birth of a new type of drama, social issue drama, which is of epoch-making significance.
father of comedy
Aristophanes
new comedy writer
Menander
medieval literature
classic literature
Politically support the royal power and safeguard the national interests of the country
Expressed as absolute obedience to reason,
Classical literature imitates the ancients and pays attention to creative rules
Three unities
The script is required to have only one plot clue,
The plot can only take place in the same place
The time is not allowed to exceed one day and night
Racine's "Andromache"
medieval heroic epic
France
"Song of Roland"
most representative
Knight's highest literary achievement
Germany
"Nibelungenlied"
Spain
"Cid's Song"
Russia
"Igor's Expedition"
The most complete early heroic epic
"Beowup"
orthodox literature
Church literature (monastic literature)
The literary works written by priests and monks at that time were written in Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic.
The long-dominant orthodox literature prevalent in medieval Europe.
citizen literature
Most of the literature produced with the emergence of cities and the formation of the citizen class is folk creation, directly based on reality and reflecting the aesthetic taste of citizens.
The genres include verse stories, satirical story poems, lyric poems, and citizen dramas.
chivalric literature
The product of European feudal knights and secular feudal literature.
The armed attendants of feudal lords, in the process of the formation of the feudal system, in order to obtain resources and land, raised warriors to fight for their masters, received rewards and became petty feudal lords, becoming the knight class.
Dante
Italy's first national poet, the last poet of the Middle Ages, and the first poet of the new century
Collection of Love Poems "Rebirth"
The ideological content of the representative work "The Divine Comedy"
religious
Both the structural framework and ideological concepts convey Christian religious consciousness
Humanities connotation
The 2 Gods in the pen not only represent Christian love and faith, but also represent human love and justice. Hidden behind the authority of God are secular principles and human perspective.
Renaissance
University intellectuals
A group of humanist playwrights who emerged in England in the late 16th century
Most of them have received university education, have humanistic ideas, are knowledgeable, and are quite innovative in drama creation.
Representative figures Li Li, Marlowe, etc.
Rabelais
"The Legend of Giants"
Grandguje, Gargantua, Pantagruel
Cervantes
"Don Quixote"
Glossary
A novel by the Spanish Renaissance writer Cervantes
The description of Don Quixote's three chivalric adventures reflects the social reality of Spain in the 16th and 17th centuries.
image analysis
Don Quixote is a humanistic image
Has many comedy character elements (absurd, cute)
A character full of tragic spirit (brave and fearless, not afraid of sacrifice)
direct disseminator of humanistic ideas
Squire ~ Sancho Panza
Shakespeare
mankind's greatest dramatic genius
Three periods of works
historical drama and comedy periods
historical drama
Theme (9 historical dramas): express humanistic political ideals, support centralization of power, oppose feudal separatism, advocate national unity, support wise monarchs, and condemn feudal tyrants.
"Henry IV"~~~the most representative
comedy
"A Midsummer Night's Dream" marks the arrival of the peak period of comedy creation.
four major comedies
"The Merchant of Venice"
Shaping Europe's first "miser" Shylock
"Much Ado About Nothing", "As You Like It" and "Twelfth Night"
"Romeo and Juliet"
One of the early creations is a love tragedy with a strong anti-feudal consciousness.
Heyday (tragic period)
Theme: Revealing dark reality and raising social issues. Show the evil nature of ambition and greed.
four tragedies
"Hamlet"
Glossary
Representative work of Shakespeare, an English playwright during the Renaissance
The story of a Danish prince avenging his father in the play
It shows that European and British society in the late Renaissance could no longer realize the theme of humanism.
Hamlet, Horatio, Laertes (the essence of the universe, the primate of all things)
Character image
Hamlet is a typical image of a humanist who is in conflict between ideals and reality.
The young prince full of ideals has beautiful hopes for everything in the world, people and society.
Humanistic ideas guide his love and friendship.
Emphasize wisdom and rationality, and use the "play within a play" method to verify your conjectures.
Character traits: hesitation and procrastination. Known as "The Hesitant Prince"
art achievement
Structural aspects
The plot of the drama is vivid and rich.
Character creation
Reveal the character's inner personality through the description of inner conflicts.
Contrast technique
Use contrast techniques in character creation
Linguistically
Showing the style of a master, it combines blank verse with prose, rhymed verses, and lyrical ballads, making it rich, diverse, and vivid.
ideological value
Create Hamlet as a humanist image in the contradiction between ideal and reality
The delay in Hamlet's revenge reflects the ambivalence of people when their faith was lost in the late Renaissance in Europe.
Hamlet's thinking about human nature became the beginning of European literature's thinking about human nature in modern times.
"Othello"
Iago
"King Lear"
"Macbeth"
legendary drama period
Themes: Forgiveness, Reconciliation.
"The Tempest"~~~The most important thing
"Cymbeline" "The Winter's Tale"
humanistic characteristics
Use human nature to oppose divinity and revise the idea of the supremacy of divine authority
Promote science and oppose obscurantism
Fight against asceticism with the liberation of individuality
Advocate for unification and oppose feudal separatism
17th century
Molière
A French classical comedian in the 17th century. His plays had a realist spirit and his criticism was aimed at feudal aristocrats.
Representative works "The Hypocrite", "Don Juan" and "The Scrooge"
"Hypocrite" theme
Expose the deception and harm of religion
Reveal the common deception tactics used by scammers
Tartuffe is the embodiment of hypocrisy
Tartuffe image
The embodiment of hypocrisy, good at deceiving people's trust and achieving despicable purposes.
The ugly face is exposed through the behaviors of "gluttony, greed for money, and greed for sex".
Hypocrisy is extremely harmful.
18th century
Goethe
German writer of the 18th and 19th centuries. Representative of the "Sturm und Drang" movement.
Main works
"The Sorrows of Young Werther"
The young Werther was moved and obsessed with the girl Lotte's temperament and talent~
Lotte was married, and Werther could not suppress his inner love, and finally ended his life unable to love.
The story takes Werther's love as the main line, showing the broad social picture of Germany at that time. The protagonist yearns for freedom and pursues individual liberation, which is progressive and profoundly critical.
The young Werther was depressed in life and melancholy in love, and his pure romantic and passionate feelings infected thousands of hearts.
"Faust"
Dialectical relationship between the image of Faust and Mephistopheles
protagonist
The five stages he experienced on the road of life showed a spirit of positivity and self-improvement.
He is a representative of the outstanding intellectuals of the European bourgeoisie in its rising period.
Faust constantly seeks truth, goodness and beauty, embodying the spirit of affirmation, while Mephistopheles embodies the spirit of negation and is the representative of evil. Promoted Faust to do good.
ideological meaning
The contradiction between Faust's "spirit and flesh" is a reflection of the complexity of human beings themselves
His constant self-improvement is
It is a portrayal of the image of outstanding intellectuals of the European bourgeoisie in its rising period.
Faust's life experience is a summary of European history from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment.
Enlightenment
European bourgeois ideological and cultural movement in the 18th century
It was another anti-feudal and anti-church ideological liberation movement after the Renaissance Movement.
Analyze the empirical world rationally and enlighten the public
19th century
romanticism
feature
Emphasis on subjective feelings and self-expression
Respect imagination
Love nature and praise nature
Pay attention to medieval folk literature
Exaggerated technique, strong contrast, bizarre plot
Germany
The theoretical origin of romanticism
Prelude to Romanticism-----"Sturm und Drang"
The literary trend that appeared in Germany in the 1870s was the continuation and development of the Enlightenment.
Advocates the liberation of individuality, advocates feelings, proposes returning to nature, and promotes national consciousness
Young Goethe and Schiller
Jenaite
Big Schlegel
Edelberg School
Arnim
Brentano
Grimm's Fairy Tales
Hoffman, Shamiso
Heine--"Germany-A Winter's Fairy Tale"
U.K.
Lakeside Party
wordsworth
poet laureate
Coleridge
Southey
Satanism (Devilism)
Byron
"Oriental Narrative Poetry"
From 1813 to 1816, Byron completed a set of stories based on Eastern stories.
"Heathen", "The Bride of Abydos", "Pirates", "Lila", "The Siege of Greens", "Barry~Xena"
The protagonist in the narrative poem is called a "Byronic hero"
The common characteristics are arrogance, loneliness, stubbornness, unique personality, contempt for civilization, resistance to the existing social system, and the courage to fight uncompromisingly against the evil society.
The protagonist Conrad of "Pirates" is very representative, and the narrative poem is also called "the rebel narrative poem"
"Don Juan"
Shelley, Keats
Scott - the founder of European novels
France
Hugo
"Notre Dame de Paris"
Artistic features
Using the principle of contrast between beauty and ugliness, the contrast between characters is the essence.
There is a strong contrast between Quasimodo's ugly appearance and the beauty of his heart, Phoebus's handsome appearance and his ugly heart, and Claude's sanctimonious appearance and his evil heart.
magnificent epic nature
Based on the background of the Louis XI era in the 15th century, it describes magnificent scenes (monastery, palace, slums), narrates major events (carnival, nightlife of beggars, church conspiracy) and creates many characters (king, bishop, beggar leader)
The book is an all-encompassing panorama of medieval French society, showing Hugo's profound historical vision, extensive historical knowledge and superb art in depicting grand scenes.
A plot with bizarre twists and turns and fascinating ups and downs.
Quasimodo was extremely powerful, robbed people in the street, was tortured in the scorching sun, robbed the execution ground, defended Notre Dame Cathedral alone, threw Claude to death, and died in love.
Esmehalda dances all over the city, saves Gringoire's life with one word, feeds Quasimodo water, and misses Phoebus.
Wonderful psychological description.
Delicately describes the intense ups and downs of the characters' psychological changes.
Claude's desire for Esmehalda, his longing for beauty, jealousy when he can't get it, evil when he possesses it, cruelty when he destroys it.
"Les Miserables"
From a humanitarian perspective, we express our concern and sympathy for the suffering fate of the working people.
A fierce criticism of the laws of capitalist society.
There was a warm tribute to the heroes of republicanism and the popular uprising in Paris.
It promotes the author's humanitarian thought of trying to solve social conflicts through benevolence and charity.
Musset---the "Shakespeare" of France
father of modern french novel
Balzac
The Beginning of Serious Literary Creation in "The Shuang Party"
"The Human Comedy"
The ideological content of "Human Comedy"
Reflects the criminal history of the bourgeoisie replacing the aristocratic class
Reflects the decline and decline of the aristocratic class
Shows the history of social customs where money rules everything
art achievement
Combine the description of the environment with the psychological changes and mental state of the characters
Using highly concentrated and generalized techniques to create numerous typical characters
Using character representation method to make human comedy form an artistic whole
1829-1835
"Eugenie Grandet"
"Old Man Goriot"
Rastignac's character
Important characters in Balzac's "Petro Goriot"
Typical young careerists during the Restoration period
After completing the three lessons of life, he plunged into the abyss of society.
Character image of old man Goriot
A typical commercial bourgeoisie with strong feudal religious concepts
He loves his daughter sincerely and only knows how to use money to cultivate his daughter's love for his father.
Money maintains relationships and makes them selfish money worshipers.
Make yourself a victim of money worship
His tragedy is
The tragedy of the bourgeois who stays up all night about bourgeois business but does not understand the bourgeois philosophy of life
"Donkey Skin" Philosophical Novel
Goethe considered “a new type of novel”
Russia
Pushkin
The father of Russian literature, the "little man" image in "The Station Master"
Representative work "Eugene Onegin"
Image of Onegin
The first image of superfluous man in the history of Russian literature.
Zhukovsky---the first lyricist
USA
Owen
father of american literature
cooper
Edgar Allan Poe
Originator of Western Modern Literature
Whitman---The pinnacle of American romantic literature
realism
feature
Emphasis on reflecting life objectively and truly, paying attention to detailed description
Pay attention to the description of the relationship between people and the social environment, and create typical characters in typical environments
France
Standal
Part One "Armance"
manifesto of realism
"Red and Black"
art achievement
Transition from traditional closed structure to modern open structure
Create many characters with distinctive personalities
Deep psychological analysis of character behavior
Glossary
Standal's novel is the foundation work of realist literature and has a strong political tendency.
Create the image of Julien as a personal striver
Outstanding achievements in artistic structure and psychological analysis
Julien Sohel
The protagonist of "The Red and the Black"
Complex character, going through changes of resistance-compromise-resistance
A typical example of personal struggle among petty bourgeois intellectuals
The contradictory unity of self-esteem, self-love, bravery and sincerity and inferiority, cowardice and hypocrisy
Practiced the principles of realist creation and marked the formation of realist literature
Balzac
19th century French realist writer,
Created "Human Comedy"
It profoundly reflects French life during the Bourbon Restoration and is known as an encyclopedia of French social life.
"Old Man Goriot"
Rastignac image
The main characters in "Old Man Goriot"
Typical careerists of the Restoration period
After completing the three lessons of life, I plunged into the abyss of society.
"Eugenie Grandet"
character representation method
Balzac's unique way of creating characters
Characters appear repeatedly in different novels of "Human Comedy" to show their character development and different stages of life.
Connect the works and make "Human Comedy" form an artistic whole
Flaubert's "Madame Bovary"
"La Traviata" by Xiao Dumas
U.K.
dickens
work
"The Pickwick Papers"
famous work
First long-term novel
"David Copperfield"
Autobiographical novel
Outstanding British novelist of the 19th century
The creation reflects the human condition and social scene in Britain in the 19th century.
Representative work "A Tale of Two Cities"
Revolutionary Masses---Mrs. Defarstone
background
The French Revolution
humanitarian thought
Humanism runs through Dickens' creation.
It is the basic starting point for evaluating characters and various phenomena.
The author criticizes British capitalist society and advocates forgiveness and fraternity.
Affirm the inevitability and justice of the French Revolution, and oppose revolutionary violence and large-scale mass activities
Promote kindness and forgiveness
Created moral characters such as Menit
art achievement
Adopt a typical multi-dimensional and unified structure, rigorous and orderly
Focus on the realistic creation method of "feeling the world"
Successful use of suspense and symbolism in artistic techniques
Chartist literature
Jones, Linton
Mrs. Gaskell's "Mary Barton"
Positive depictions of working class life and struggles
Russia
founder of naturalism
Gogol
"Dead Soul"
art feature
full of lyrical color
Realistic techniques, using a variety of artistic means to depict characters
Speculator——Chichikov
first work
"An Evening in the Countryside by Dickonka"
tears of laughter
He is good at discovering the ridiculous and sad elements in life, exaggerating, sarcastizing and making people laugh. Behind the laughter, there is deep sorrow.
Have special artistic effects
Make the wretchedness, emptiness, and boredom in life have nowhere to hide.
Pushkin
father of russian literature
"Eugene Onegin"
Image of Onegin
ideological meaning
The novel is set in Petersburg and other provincial villages, broadly and vividly showing the social life in Russia in the early 19th century, and profoundly revealing the sins of the aristocratic life in the upper class.
Through Onegin's image of "superfluous people", the novel criticizes the autocratic tsarist serfdom system and points out their fatal weakness of being far away from the people and out of touch with reality.
Through the image creation of Tatyana, beautiful qualities such as purity, kindness, and sincerity are praised. Criticized the tsarist autocracy for its desecration of the beauty of human society
The novel describes the tragic life of serfs to a certain extent and expresses the author's humanitarian sympathy.
The poetic novel "Eugene Onegin" is a major masterpiece and is considered to be the first classic realist masterpiece in the history of Russian literature.
redundant people
A typical example of aristocratic intellectuals in 19th-century Russian literature
Have high cultural accomplishment, accept the influence of Enlightenment ideas, are tired of upper class life, but do nothing
representative figure
Image of Onegin
little guy
Little people first
"Stationmaster"
image
Russian literature in the 19th century created typical characters who lived at the bottom of society, were bullied and humiliated, had low official ranks and low status.
Living a hard life, being submissive, keeping to one's own standards, having a cowardly character, being timid and afraid of getting into trouble, being a victim of the rule of a big shot.
Dostoevsky
Debut novel "Poor People"
The ideological content of "Crime and Punishment"
The ideological content is too complex and it provides a profound exploration of human nature.
Mainly reflected in the discussion of the topics of "Superman Philosophy" and "Truth of Rights", as well as the investigation of the "subconscious" in human behavior
It is a protest against social injustice
The author did not find a solution to these unreasonable phenomena and could only resort to the idea of religious salvation
"Crime and Punishment" psychological description
The outstanding artistic feature of the novel is the depiction of the characters' psychology.
Many chapters in the work are about psychology, consciousness, and even subconscious depictions.
The author also designed many scenes of dreams and hallucinations to set off the subconscious process.
The work perfectly depicts the characters' contradictory personalities through psychological description.
polyphonic novel
Refers to a musical genre widely used in Europe before the 18th century. There is no distinction between main melody and accompanying vocals. They are layered on top of each other to form polyphonic music.
Lermontov
Psychological description first
Mark Twain
"Running for Governor"--a short story---a satire on American democracy
representative novel
"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"
Huckleberry Finn
American "civilized society" rebels
Have the character of being kind and honest, honest and selfless, brave and resourceful
late 19th century
realist literature
France
Maupassant-world short story writer
suet balls
U.K.
Meredith
Create a typical egoist -----Excellent in psychological description
Thomas---Hardy
wessex novel
"Tess of the d'Urbervilles"
Subtitle A pure woman
Germany
Vondano
Founder of realism in German literary history
Norway
Ibsen
Norway
The father of modern drama, his representative work "A Doll's House"
Founder of European "social issue drama" in the 19th century
social issue drama
work
"Ghosts"
"A Doll's House"
The play avoids choosing major themes. First, it focuses on daily life as the entry point for expressing the theme.
Secondly, in terms of dramatic structure and plot, the writer uses the retrospective method.
Third, the author creatively introduces discussion into the drama, and the author makes good use of foreshadowing.
"Human Life Commune"
"Social Pillars"
Glossary
Daily life is used as the theme, social problems are analyzed from multiple aspects, and layers are uncovered to highlight the contradictions.
Inspire the audience to think, thereby guiding people to rise up and reform social ills
Russia
Leo Tolstoy
dialectics of mind
The psychological description techniques used by Tolstoy in his novels
Here comes Chernyshevsky’s comment
Pay attention to describing the characters' psychological activities and change process, and display the characters' multi-level psychology
summary
Tolstoyism
Expose the hypocrisy and absurdity of the existing system and real life
Promote "Don't fight evil with violence", "Moral self-improvement" and "Fraternity"
Realism reaches its peak
"resurrection"
Describe a broad society with a single plot line
Extensive use of contrast techniques
Detailed psychological portrayal of characters
Pay attention to the detailed description of the characters’ appearance and living environment
Thought content
A comprehensive and ruthless critique of society
Expose the indiscriminate treatment of human lives in the courts, denounce the hypocrisy and deception of the official church, and reveal the contradiction between landlords and farmers.
Spread Tolstoyan thought by shaping the images of Nekhludoff and Maslova
"Anna Karenina"
Glossary
Anna's pursuit of freedom of love and Levin's exploration of social solutions are two parallel development clues, which reflect the changes in Russian society and express the author's search for an ideal society and ideal life.
The novel uses an epic style to describe Russian social life and the restlessness of people's inner world under the impact of capitalism, showing the characteristics of the times.
image
The image of a lady who pursues the liberation of personality, a tragic figure who is bound and strangled by hypocritical morality.
Anna has strong and sincere emotions and a rich inner world
When she was a girl, she was married to the provincial governor Ka-Lenin. She was boring and emotionally poor, and her prison-like life stifled love.
The encounter with Vronsky awakens the passion for love that has been suppressed for a long time, and the persistent pursuit of love freedom, embodies the noble lady's demand for personality liberation, and has an anti-feudal nature.
Her love for Vronsky was serious and persistent to the point of madness.
When Vronsky expressed his indifference to her, she desperately wanted to regain her original passion, and Vronsky became more and more disgusted with her abnormality. Anna's feelings were severely hit, making her love for Vronsky even more passionate and sincere. Her unique personality is that she regards love as life and wants to use death to evoke the life of love. This is determined by her character.
Cause of Tragedy (Intrinsic)
The inevitable result of the conflict between her character and the social environment. What causes tragedy is the inherent factor of unique character.
external
The hypocritical upper class and cold bureaucratic world,
Anna's public disclosure of this love is a challenge to the upper class society. The upper class society did not tolerate her behavior and severely punished her. In order to torture her, Karenin refused to divorce and deprived her of her beloved son.
Anna, who has lost everything, has the only comfort in her life: Wo's love. The breakdown of love makes Anna lose the spiritual basis for survival. The upper class kills her through Wo's hands.
naturalistic literature
Emile Zola
Early Symbolist Literature
Charles Baudelaire
pioneer of modernist literature
"The Flower of Evil"
aesthetic literature
France Gautier
art for art's sake
The instigator
"Miss Moban"
france wilde
"The Picture of Dorian Gray"
Paris Commune Literature
20th Century
realism
Gorky
representative work
"Mother"
Nilovna
autobiographical trilogy
Alyosha
"Childhood", "In the World", "My University"
realism
"Cherkash"
romanticism
"Old Lady Ezegil"
unfreezing literature
unfreezing literature
The Thaw trend of thought is named after the novel "Thaw", which describes the typical "bureaucrat" of the factory director.
Reflecting the abnormal phenomena of Soviet society
The novel describes the melting of ice and snow and the end of the thaw season, so the thaw became a symbol of the literary world of this period. The creative tendency to pay attention to the fate of characters
modernism
Hemingway
tough guy image
Hemingway's series of male images
Have the lofty spirit of being tenacious, brave and upright, and unable to be defeated spiritually.
Santiago in "The Old Man and the Sea" is a representative of this type of image
iceberg principle
The creative idea put forward in "Death in the Afternoon" is that the iceberg moving in the sea is very solemn and majestic, because only one-eighth of it is exposed above the water.
The creative style is simple, subtle and concise
20th century American writers
The representative writer of the lost generation proposed the iceberg principle and created the image of a "tough guy"
Representative work "The Old Man and the Sea"
The Symbolic Meaning of "The Old Man and the Sea"
The old man Santiago is a representative of the image of a tough guy and the embodiment of the human spirit. The relationship between the old man and the big fish is a portrayal of the human spirit of continuous struggle in pursuit of the ideal of a better life.
The relationship between the old man and the proverb and the fight with the shark are a positive spirit of resistance displayed by human beings in the face of the unknown life and its destiny.
The old man has gone through setbacks and struggled endlessly in the kingdom of nature, which symbolizes Hemingway's struggle in the kingdom of art as he enters his old age creatively.
confused generation
The generation of American youth after World War I
Faith collapses, silence is repaired in the field of art, and the damaged self is comforted
Representative writer Hemingway
Baudelaire
The pioneer of symbolism and the pioneer of modernist literature, with his representative work "Flowers of Evil"
Romain Rolland
"John Christopher"
A hero with distinctive individualism, a German musician
Dissatisfied with the vulgar real life, I believe that music can open the door to the heart, liberate the soul, and bring happiness.
He worked tirelessly, bravely endured adversity, and successfully created music that shocked people's hearts. Be content with being a "lonely person" and be willing to be a "strong person" who walks alone
To a large extent, John represents Romain Rolland's expectations.
John travels among the Western nations of Europe, and must combine the respective spirits of these nations in order to create the healthiest works.
Romain Rolland also sincerely hopes that these nations will put aside their own prejudices, strive to penetrate into the deepest spiritual depths of each other, and work together to create a better future.
musical novel
Romain Rolland "Johan-Christophe"
Both the form and content have a strong musical color, and the structure is designed according to the symphony structure.
The relationship between the main characters of the work reflects the "tonality" in music
Sholokhov
"Quiet Don"
Powerful and epic character
Successful character creation
Image of Gregory
Full of "Charming Personality"
Brave and good at fighting, diligent and enthusiastic, honest and upright, blindly worship military honor.
Love thinking and diligent in exploring.
Complex and nuanced psychological description
expressionist novel
Kafka
Kafkaesque novel
"Metamorphosis" has the characteristics of a blend of modernism and realism.
The author combines absurd stories with real details
Use absurd techniques to build stories to express the theme of human alienation
Realistic descriptions of details enhance the "credibility" and artistic appeal of the story
The typical embodiment of Kafka's novel is the organic integration of real description of reality and virtual story setting.
"Metamorphosis"
alienation theme
Through the absurd story of the protagonist turning into a beetle, it profoundly reveals the "alienation" phenomenon of people in bourgeois society.
Gregor has lost his free nature and freedom of thinking, and has actually become a "non-person"
Artistic features
Through the organic combination of reality and illusion, overall absurdity and detailed reality, the theme of human alienation is expressed.
Use allegorical and symbolic techniques to express the author's understanding and realization of social life, without rejecting realism.
theme
Kafka's masterpiece tells the absurd story of Gregor turning into a beetle
Expresses the "alienation" phenomenon of people in capitalist society
It reflects that capitalist society is an indifferent world that lacks human kindness.
Eliot
"wilderness"
art achievement
The work creatively uses symbolic techniques to create
Many allusions and images in the work have symbolic meanings
The title and title are symbolic. The central images of the work are the images of wasteland, water, fire and thunder. have profound symbolic meanings
Unique intention series
subtopic
His works are widely cited and a large number of allusions are used
Use of stream of consciousness technique
The work is innovative in language
Beckett
theater of the absurd
French literary schools in the 1950s and early 1960s
The content shows that the world is unreasonable and life is absurd, breaking the traditional drama structure.
In terms of artistic techniques
Breaking the traditional drama structure, using illogical plots, characters with broken personalities, mechanically repetitive dramatic actions and boring language to express the absurd fundamental theme of the world
waiting for godot
art achievement
Find the "absurd" art form to express his profound thoughts, but this drama also has strong comedy potential
"Tragedy" was chosen as the subtitle of "Waiting for Godot" because it contains elements of farce, but also contains the deep pain that reveals information about the human condition of existence.
In addition to using contrasting techniques to express the potential of comedy, this play also successfully uses absurd and illogical language.
If the dialogue is incomprehensible, it is to express the difficulty of communication between people.
The whole drama has a strong symbolic meaning
Sartre
situation drama
Existential drama is generally a "situation drama" which is Sartre's unique creation.
Setting up a closed environment always leads directly to dramatic conflict, with less foreshadowing. Let the environment control the characters and let the characters choose their own actions in a specific environment. Create your own essence. The writer highlights the theme of people making "free choices" in difficult situations
This kind of drama is "situation drama", also known as free drama. Such as "Confinement"
"Confinement"
ideological meaning
Expressing the themes of "hell is other people" and "free choice"
importance of freedom
Action can change living conditions
Artistic features
Strange idea
The scene where the story takes place is limited to the so-called "hell", and the characters in the play are three ghosts who get together after death.
Successfully rendered the extreme characteristics of the hellish situation
There are no instruments of torture in the room, only bronze statues and lamps, and no beds. There is no sleep here, which sets the conditions for the people in the play to monitor each other endlessly. In fact, this is the most intolerable punishment for people.
The symbolic nature of drama
From stage design, character relationships, conflicts, and even character lines
The free choice of "Wall"
"I" made a "free choice", but still encountered reversal or subversion
garcia marquez
"One Hundred Years of Solitude"
subtopic
Glossary
Representative writer of "magic realism novels"
latin american writer
Representative work "One Hundred Years of Solitude"
Oriental literature
ancient literature
old testament
Glossary
A collection of the most representative literary works in ancient Hebrew literature
divided into
history book
prophetic book
collection of poems
Psalms
largest poetry collection
Song of Songs
song within song
"Job"
Torah
It has had a wide-reaching impact on human society and world literature
value and impact
A compilation and collection of literature of the Hebrew nation, the religious classics of Judaism
The influence on Western culture and art is manifested in many aspects
Nigeria
soyinka
"Explainer"
Africa
blackness
sanghor
Characteristics of ancient oriental literature
Distinctive political leanings,
Distinctive national characteristics
Literary and cultural exchanges among countries around the world are becoming increasingly frequent
Kalidasa
"Shakuntala"---drama
Glossary
The drama masterpiece of ancient Indian writer Kalidasa
Write down the joys and sorrows between Sister Shakuntala and King Doushanda
Shakuntala is a typical example of a beautiful woman who was humiliated, persecuted and dissatisfied
Doushantuo
The king is a contradictory image with duality.
The king who likes the new and hates the old, plays with women, and always gives up.
Having true love for Shakuntala
The author both beautifies and satirizes him, creating an image through a combination of praise and exposure.
Aishakuntala is just looking for fun and acting on occasion.
Once the desire is satisfied, the vows of eternal love are forgotten
Recovering his memory and not forgetting his love for Shakuntala and missing her deeply, it is obvious that the author pinned his ideals of love and marriage on the king.
art achievement
Tactful and sarcastic, implicit but not explicit
Structurally unique, the drama combines realistic plots with mythological plots
The script makes good use of different realms and techniques to portray the characters.
The language is beautiful and vivid, and the emotions of the characters are expressed appropriately.
book of the dead
A collection of the most representative poems of ancient Egypt
A collection of poems about how the dead deal with the tribulations of the underground kingdom
Reflects the fantasy of the ancient Egyptians who attempted to extend the glory and wealth of life to future generations.
subtopic
Chinese literature
Murasaki Shikibu
one thousand and one nights
Describing the freedom of love and happiness in marriage
Reflecting the life of businessmen and overseas adventure stories
Describe the miserable situation of the people living at the bottom of society and expose the extravagant and lustful life of the ruling class
Sadie
modern literature
Natsume Soseki
Japanese naturalistic literature
feature
Focus on serious realistic and serious description of life
Completely abandon classical Chinese and replace it with clear and concise
Advocate the spirit of individual freedom and expose the darkness of society
Rabindranath Tagore
Gitanjali
Thought content
Rabindranath Tagore, a modern Indian writer, won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913 for his religious lyric poetry.
By praising God, it expresses the ideals of a better life and patriotic enthusiasm
Revealing the humanitarian thought of "pan-love"
Basic characteristics of modern Eastern history and literature
Have a clear political leaning
Influenced by various Western ideological trends
The number of writers’ works has increased dramatically
It has the significance of connecting the past and the future
modern literature
Premchand
Gibran
creative style
The work runs through a fresh and thought-provoking artistic style from beginning to end.
First of all, in terms of creation, he is good at learning from the experience of Eastern and Western ancestors, and pays attention to the innovation of expression forms. Both narrative and description show strong philosophy, expanding people's thinking space and the depth of logical reasoning.
Secondly, the work shows rich imagination and passionate emotions, allowing people to clearly feel the strong subjective emotions expressed by the author passionately.
Finally, whether it is a novel or a prose poem, it pays attention to confrontation and tone.
Traveling to the United States
An important school of modern Arabic literature, composed of Arab writers living in the Americas
Lebanese poet Gibran is an important writer
Representative work: Prose and Poetry Collection "Prophet"
contemporary literature
Kawabata Yasunari
"Snow Country"
foal
Kawabata Yasunari's "Snow Country" heroine
Kind-hearted, unwilling to sink, pursuing ideal but illusory love
Najeer Mahfouz
Replenish
hanging poem
A type of Arabic literature that represents the highest achievement of poetry creation during the savage period.
"The Decameron"
Works by Italian writer Boccaccio
Taking opposition to asceticism as the main idea, affirming the value of secular life, and praising the intelligence and wisdom of businessmen and craftsmen
egyptian modernism
A realist literary school formed in Egypt after World War I and expanded to Syria and other countries.
The outstanding representative is the Egyptian writer Taha Hussein, whose masterpiece "Days"
context
ancient literature
medieval literature
Renaissance
17th century
18th century
19th century·
20th Century
modernism
romanticism
imagination, lyricism
realism
reflect society
Enlightenment Goethe "Faust"
classicism drama molière
Humanism University Talent
dark
Christianity (abandoning desire and believing in the afterlife) Dante's "Divine Comedy"
Homeric
"Ilion" and "Odyssey"
three major dramas