Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides: sucrose, maltose, lactose

Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose

Hydrolyzed into simple sugars by MEI in the digestive system

Absorbed into blood circulation by mesenteric cells to form blood sugar

Transported to various tissue cells via blood sugar for anabolism and catabolism

Glucose is the transport form of glycogen in the blood

Glycogen is the storage form of sugar in the body (liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, kidney glycogen, etc.)

Digestion and absorption

break down

gluconeogenesis

insulin

Protein hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells

It is the only hormone in the body that lowers blood sugar

Promote glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis

Inhibit gluconeogenesis, lipolysis and ketone body production, etc.

Exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects

Due to various reasons, the efficiency of insulin in promoting glucose uptake and utilization decreases. The body compensatoryly secretes too much insulin to produce hyperinsulinemia, which makes it difficult to maintain the stability of blood sugar.

Cause: Caused by reduced number of insulin receptors, reduced receptor activity and abnormal post-receptor signaling

Meet maternal physiological needs

It is the main energy substance of the fetus

It is also the raw material for fetal synthesis of glycogen, fat and non-essential amino acids.

The fetus relies entirely on maternal supply of glucose

Glucose is transported across the placenta from high maternal concentration to low concentration to the fetus

Pancreatic β-cell hyperplasia increases insulin release and insulin levels progressively increase

The tissue's sensitivity to insulin is also enhanced, and the body's utilization of glucose is accelerated, resulting in a lower fasting blood glucose concentration.

Reduced early pregnancy reactions, increased appetite, and increased insulin release

The placenta and endocrine glands secrete more hormones, strengthen the resistance to insulin, and increase blood sugar to meet the needs of the fetus.

Insulin's ability to clear glucose is reduced and blood sugar increases, so that sufficient glucose can be supplied to the fetus.

Increased energy requirements during pregnancy

Increased urinary glucose excretion in pregnant women, causing a drop in blood sugar in pregnant women

The ability of insulin to clear glucose is increased in pregnant women during fasting compared with non-pregnant women

Pregnant women take oral glucose or eat carbohydrates

The main cause of insulin resistance during pregnancy – various hormones secreted by the placenta

incubation period

active period

Type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes

type 1 diabetic mother