【Classification】

[Cause] Infection (main), harmful gases, occupational factors, throat trauma, excessive smoking and alcohol, etc.

[Clinical manifestations] It can occur alone or secondary to acute rhinitis and pharyngitis (part of upper respiratory tract infection)

[Differential diagnosis] Laryngeal tuberculosis, measles laryngitis

【treat】

[Cause] Often secondary to acute rhinitis/pharyngitis, mostly caused by viruses (especially parainfluenza virus)

[Pathology] Mainly occurs in the subglottic space; dyspnea is prone to occur: ① Children's laryngeal cavity is small, laryngeal mucosa is loose, and swelling can easily cause glottis obstruction; ② Laryngeal cartilage is soft, mucosa and submucosa are loosely attached, and swelling occurs when inflammation occurs Severe; ③ The submucosal lymphatic tissue and glandular tissue of the larynx are rich, and submucosal swelling is easy to occur during inflammation, which narrows the throat cavity; ④ Children have poor cough reflexes, and secretions are difficult to discharge; ⑤ Children have poor resistance and immunity to infection The strength is not as strong as that of adults, and the inflammatory reaction is more severe; ⑥The nervous system of children is relatively unstable and is easily irritated and causes laryngospasm; ⑦Laryngospasm not only causes laryngeal obstruction, but also aggravates congestion.

[Clinical manifestations]

【Differential Diagnosis】

【treat】

(1) Chronic simple laryngitis

(2) Chronic atrophic laryngitis/dry laryngitis/ozena of larynx

(3) Chronic hyperplasic laryngitis

[Pathology] Most of them are polyps of vocal cord; the elastic fibers and reticular fibers of the lamina propria of the mucosa are destroyed; they are divided into hemorrhagic type, hyaline deformation, edema type, and fibrous type under light microscope; and they are divided into colloid type under electron microscope. , telangiectasia

[Clinical manifestations]

[Treatment] Surgical resection is the main method, supplemented by glucocorticoids, antibiotics, and ultrasonic atomization treatment; resected polyps should be routinely sent for pathological examination.

[Pathology] It is more common at the junction of the anterior and middle 1/3 of the free edge of the vocal cord; it also occurs in children as screamer's nodule; it is mainly caused by localized acanthocyte hyperplasia of mucosal epithelium and hyperkeratosis/incomplete keratosis of the epithelial surface. secondary fibroplasia

[Clinical manifestations]

[Treatment] ① Pay attention to vocal cord rest: If the nodules have not become significantly smaller after 2 to 3 weeks, other treatments can be taken; ② Pronunciation training; ③ Surgical resection: It is suitable for those who are irreversible, large, and have obvious hoarseness symptoms. In children, many nodules can be Natural disappearance of puberty

[Pathology] Children often have multiple lesions, grow quickly and are prone to recurrence; adults often have single lesions and have a tendency to become malignant.

[Clinical manifestations]

[Treatment] CO2 laser removal of tumors under support laryngoscope is the most effective treatment method

[Characteristics] Including capillary hemangioma (common) and cavernous hemangioma; symptoms are often not obvious, including hoarseness, difficulty breathing, and bleeding; asymptomatic patients may not be treated temporarily

[Characteristics] The main manifestation is hoarseness, which develops slowly and generally does not become malignant; surgical resection is an effective treatment method.

[Characteristics] Often accompanied by systemic neurofibromas; tumors originate from the nerve sheath; the main symptoms are hoarseness, cough, and dyspnea; tumors are mostly located in the aryepiglottic folds or protrude into the pyriform fossa; surgical resection is an effective treatment method

1. About 98% are squamous cell carcinomas, with glottis carcinoma being the most common (60%), followed by supraglottic carcinoma, and subglottic carcinoma being extremely rare; generally The morphology can be divided into ulcer-infiltrating type, cauliflower type, nodule/mass type, and mixed type.

2. Precancerous lesions: laryngeal papilloma, vocal cord leukoplakia

3. Diffusion transfer

Typical manifestations include hoarseness, dyspnea, cough, dysphagia, and cervical lymph node metastasis

1. Laryngeal tuberculosis: sore throat and hoarseness; laryngoscopy shows pale and edematous laryngeal mucosa, accompanied by multiple superficial ulcers, and the lesions are mostly located in the back of the larynx; lung lesions can be seen on X-ray; sputum Mycobacterium tuberculosis examination is helpful for diagnosis; Biopsy confirms diagnosis

2. Laryngeal syphilis: hoarseness; examination shows syphilitic nodules, deep ulcers, and laryngeal deformity after healing; serology and biopsy can confirm the diagnosis

3. Laryngeal papilloma: hoarseness; the tumor is papillary and can be diagnosed by biopsy

4. Laryngeal amyloidosis: hoarseness; examination shows a dark red mass with a smooth surface, and biopsy can confirm the diagnosis.

Surgical treatment

Radiation Therapy

Other treatments

Infectious

non-infectious

symptom

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