artery
The pipe that carries blood out of the heart has a thick wall and good elasticity, and gradually branches during the stroke.
arteries of pulmonary circulation
ligamentum arteriosum
Fibrous connective tissue cords at the lower edge of the aortic arch and the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery
Relics of ductus arteriosus atresia in the embryo
systemic arteries
common carotid artery
internal carotid artery
into the skull, brain vision device
external carotid artery
branch
superficial temporal artery
bifurcation structure
carotid sinus
Baroreceptors, reflex regulators of blood pressure
carotid glomerulus
Chemoreceptors, reflexive regulators of breathing
subclavian artery
vertebral artery
Pass through the transverse process foramen of cervical vertebrae 1-6 and enter the skull through the foramen magnum.
internal thoracic artery
superior epigastric artery
brachial artery
superior and inferior ulnar collateral ligament
ulnar artery
common interosseous artery
anterior and posterior interosseous arteries
Thoracic aorta
wall branch
posterior intercostal artery
abdominal aorta
visceral branch
Not paired
superior mesenteric artery
Jejunal and ileal arteries
ileocolic artery
Terminal ileum, cecum, appendix artery, ascending colon
inferior mesenteric artery
common iliac artery
internal iliac artery
visceral branch
uterine artery
Anterior and superior ureter
External iliac artery (from the midpoint of the inguinal ligament to the deep surface is the femoral artery)
deep circumflex iliac artery
inferior epigastric artery
vein
Characteristics of veins
Send blood back to the heart, originate from capillaries, have a large total volume
pulmonary circulation veins
systemic veins
superior vena cava system
head and neck veins
facial vein
The danger triangle (the triangle area from the root of the nose to the corners of the mouth on both sides) originates from the medial canthal vein
internal jugular vein
Extracranial branches
superior and middle thyroid vein
subclavian vein
Together with the internal jugular vein, it joins the brachiocephalic vein
The place where the two meet is called the venous angle, where lymphatic vessels inject
deep veins of upper limbs
inferior vena cava system
superficial veins of lower limbs
Small saphenous vein (lateral)
Great saphenous vein (medial)
Deep venous return is blocked, perforating venous valves are incompetent, and deep venous blood flows into superficial veins, causing superficial varicose veins of the lower limbs.
deep veins of lower limbs
abdominal and pelvic veins
external iliac vein
continuation of femoral vein
internal iliac vein
Men: vesical and rectal venous plexuses
Women: uterine venous plexus and vaginal venous plexus
inferior vena cava
visceral branch
testicles (ovarian veins)
hepatic portal vein system
Synthesis of splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
Structural features
Starting end: capillaries, terminal end: liver sinusoids
The tube that guides blood back to the heart has a thin wall, a large lumen, small elasticity, a large blood capacity, and gradually accepts branches.
Heart
The hub that connects arteries and veins and the power organ of the cardiovascular system, and has endocrine functions
Location
The middle mediastinum between the lungs in the chest
Two thirds are to the left of the midline and one third to the right of the midline
The long axis forms an angle of 45° with the midline of the body
Long axis: diagonally downward from the right shoulder to the left subcostal area
Can vary due to body shape, position, and changes in pressure in the pleural cavity on one side
adjacent to
Above: The large blood vessels leading to and from the heart
Lower: adjacent to the diaphragm
Both sides: lungs and pleural cavity
Front: Most of it is covered by the lungs and pleura, a small part is adjacent to the lower part of the sternum and the second to sixth costal cartilages on the left side
Rear: Adjacent to the left bronchi, esophagus, left vagus nerve, thoracic aorta and other structures, and aligned with the 5th to 8th thoracic vertebrae
shape
A sharp point
Body surface projection; the apical pulse can be palpated 1 to 2 cm medial to the midclavicular line in the left fifth intercostal space... Mitral valve auscultation area
bottom
Towards the back and upper right side, it consists of the left atrium and the right atrium, and contains the great blood vessels entering and exiting the heart.
both sides
Thorax and rib surface·anterior
Toward the front, most of it is composed of the right atrium and right ventricle, and a small part is composed of the left atrium and left atrial appendage.
Diaphragm surface·lower side
Toward posteriorly and inferiorly, the diaphragmatic pericardium is adjacent to the septum and consists mostly of the left ventricle and a small part of the right ventricle.
Three fates
right edge of heart
vertically downward, right atrium
left edge of heart
Obtuse, obliquely to the lower left, most of the left atrium, a small part of the left atrial appendage
Xin Xia Yuan
Near horizontal, right atrium and apex
Sigou
Coronary sulcus (atrioventricular sulcus)
posterior interventricular groove
Atrioventricular intersection: the intersection of the posterior interventricular sulcus, posterior interventricular sulcus, and coronal sulcus. It is an important landmark on the surface of the heart, and there are important blood vessels and nerves in the deep surface.
Apical notch: The anterior interventricular groove and the posterior interventricular groove are slightly concave at the junction on the right side of the heart.
bare pericardial area
Lower part of the sternum, behind the fourth to sixth costal cartilages
Intracardiac injection, puncture site for pericardial effusion
heart chamber
Right atrial demarcation mark: border line
vena cava sinus
Entrance
Superior vena cava orifice
inferior vena cava orifice
exit
Right atrioventricular orifice (tricuspid valve)
proper atrium
Inner wall (pectinate muscle)
Right atrial appendage (thrombosis)
aortic carina
cardiac catheterization signs
fossa ovale
Remains of closure of the foramen ovale during fetal period, a common site of atrial septal defect
The fetal heart can pass directly through the foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and most blood bypasses the non-functioning lungs
Right ventricular demarcation mark: supraventricular ridge
supraventricular ridge
Inflow tract: proper cardiac chamber
Outflow tract: conus arteriosus
Entrance: Right atrioventricular orifice
Exit: pulmonary artery orifice
The tricuspid valve complex prevents one-way blood flow (has fleshy columns)
papillary muscles
anterior papillary muscle
posterior papillary muscle
Left atrium (left atrial appendage) (with pectinate muscles)
Entrance
Left upper left lower pulmonary vein orifice
Right upper right lower pulmonary vein orifice
exit
left atrioventricular orifice
Left ventricular demarcation mark: anterior mitral valve (with fleshy column)
Entrance
left atrioventricular orifice
anterior mitral valve
Outflow tract (aortic vestibule)
The aortic valve and aortic wall form the aortic sinus
left semilunar valve
left coronary artery ostium
right semilunar valve
right coronary artery ostium
posterior semilunar valve
The structure of the heart
Cardiac fibrous skeleton (dense connective tissue)
four valve annulus fibrosus
ventricular septum
interventricular department
left and right fiber triangle
heart wall
endocardium (thin membrane)
Epicardium (serous membrane)
Myocardium (atrial, ventricular contractions are not synchronized)
cardiac interval
interatrial septum (atrial septum)
ventricular septum (ventricular septum)
membrane part
Common sites for ventricular septal defects
cardiac conduction system
sinoatrial node
The normal pacemaker point of the heart (junction between the superior vena cava and the right atrium, deep surface of the epicardium)
Atrioventricular junction area (AV node)
The most important secondary pacemaker of the heart
left and right bundle branches
heart blood vessels
Supply: left and right coronary arteries
Backflow: Most of the coronary sinus flows into the right atrium, and a small part flows directly into the right atrium.
artery
Left coronary artery (left coronary sinus originating from the aorta)
anterior interventricular branch
Right coronary artery (right sinus of aorta)
posterior interventricular branch
vein
Coronary sinus and its branches
The branches include the great cardiac vein, the small cardiac vein, and the cardiac vein
pericardium
fibroserosal sac
Outer layer: fibrous pericardium
Inner layer: Serosal pericardium
pericardial sinus
inferior pericardial sinus
pericardial oblique sinus
transverse pericardial sinus
Anterior inferior pericardial sinus (persistent pericardial effusion)
Safer location for pericardiocentesis
body surface projection of heart
capillaries
The tubes connecting the ends of arteries and veins anastomose with each other and form a network. They are numerous, have thin walls, high permeability, and slow blood flow in the tubes.
side branch anastomosis
Features: Ensure blood supply to organs under pathological conditions
arteriovenous anastomosis
Small arteries and veins are directly connected by vascular branches, shortening the circulation route
Features
Regulate local blood flow and body temperature
Features
Ensure smooth venous return when organs are enlarged or cavity walls are compressed
inter-arterial anastomosis
arterial network
shoulder joint net, elbow and knee joint net
Features
Shorten circulation time and regulate blood volume
arterial arch
Deep palm bow, shallow palm bow
Pulmonary veins and branches at all levels
Alveolar capillaries absorb oxygen from the alveoli and expel carbon dioxide
Pulmonary artery trunk and its branches at all levels
Superior and inferior vena cava and its branches coronary sinus
Tissue cells absorb nutrients oxygen from capillaries and discharge metabolic products and carbon dioxide
Aorta and its branches at all levels
blood circulation
systemic circulation
The distance is long and the range is wide. Arterial blood nourishes all parts of the body and transports its metabolites back to the heart.
Pulmonary circulation
The journey is short and only passes through the lungs, converting venous blood into oxygen-rich arterial blood.
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