MindMap Gallery Pathology Chapter 2 Damaged Cells
This is a cellular mind map about damage in Chapter 2 of Pathology, which summarizes repair, regeneration, fibrous repair, Knowledge points such as wound healing are suitable for exam review!
Edited at 2024-03-23 22:04:27This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
Chapter 2 Damaged Cells
Repair: After tissue damage, the process of repair and recovery is carried out by cell division and proliferation of adjacent healthy tissue.
regeneration
Concept: After body tissue and cells are damaged, they are repaired by the proliferation of the same type of cells around the damage.
type
Physiological regeneration: aging, apoptosis
Pathological regeneration: necrosis or defect
Tissue cell regeneration ability
unstable cells
continuously dividing cells
Features: Strong regeneration ability, continuous proliferation under physiological conditions
stable cells
Quiescent cells (G0 phase)
Features: Strong regeneration potential, in the resting phase (G0 phase) under physiological conditions, and enters the division phase when stimulated
permanent cells
non-dividing cells
Characteristics: It does not have the ability to regenerate. After damage, it is repaired by the proliferation of granulation tissue.
Stem cells and their role in regeneration
Stem cells: A type of pluripotent cells with the ability to self-replicate. Under certain conditions, they can differentiate into a variety of functional cells.
type
embryonic stem cells
When the fertilized egg divides and develops into a blastocyst, the cells in the inner cell mass are totipotent, capable of self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into all tissues in the body.
adult stem cells
Concept: Undifferentiated cells present in a differentiated tissue. The cells are able to self-renew and specialize to form the cells that make up that type of tissue.
transdifferentiation
Concept: Adult stem cells in some tissues can differentiate not only into their own tissues, but also into mature cells of unrelated tissue types.
significance
Overcome immune rejection of allogeneic transplantation
Insufficient sources of ES and social and ethical issues
induced pluripotent stem cells
are adult cells that have been reprogrammed into a state similar to embryonic stem cells.
The role of stem cells in tissue repair and cell regeneration
bone marrow tissue
hematopoietic stem cells
mesenchymal stem cells
brain
Epidermal tissue
cornea
liver
skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle
Regeneration process of various tissues
Regeneration of epithelial tissue
Skin and mucous membrane → the remaining basal cells at the wound edge or base divide and proliferate → cover the center of the defect.
Glandular epithelial regeneration: glandular ducts, liver
blood vessel regeneration
Capillary regeneration: the sprouting approach
Repair of large blood vessels: repair of epilepsy scars
Regeneration of fibrous connective tissue
Fibrocytes or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells → fibroblasts → fibroblasts
Muscle tissue regeneration
Some muscle fibers are damaged, but the sarcolemma is intact → normal structure restored
The fibers are completely damaged and the muscle membrane is intact → fiber epilepsy marks → muscle fibers can contract
Fibers and muscle membranes are completely damaged → fibrous epilepsy marks
nerve fiber regeneration
Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) → glial scar
peripheral nerves
Near the stump: nerve sheath cell proliferation → nerve axon ingrowth
Distant or blocked end: traumatic neuroma
fibrous repair
fibrous repair
Epileptic scar repair, or incomplete repair, is when tissue cells cannot perform regenerative repair. The granulation tissue newly generated from the damaged local interstitium dissolves, absorbs foreign matter and fills the defect. Then the granulation tissue gradually matures and transforms. It is a scar tissue to repair the defect.
The morphology and function of granulation tissue
Granulation tissue: composed of new thin-walled capillaries and proliferating fibroblasts, accompanied by inflammatory cell infiltration. To the naked eye, it appears to be bright red, granular, soft and moist, and looks like fresh granulation, hence the name.
Pathological characteristics
naked eye
Bright red, granular, moist and soft, easy to bleed, and painless.
under the mirror
A large number of new capillaries are arranged in parallel, perpendicular to the surface, and anastomose with each other near the surface to form arcuate protrusions.
Proliferated fibroblasts are scattered among the capillary network and form little collagen fibers.
A varying number of inflammatory cells infiltrate the granulation tissue. Exudate is often present but contains no nerve fibers.
effect
Anti-infection and wound protection
Fill wounds and tissue defects
Organize or encapsulate necrotic tissue, clots, and foreign bodies
ending
scar tissue
The shape and function of epileptic marks
Epileptic scar tissue: granulation tissue matures and transforms into fibrous connective tissue in the aging stage.
Pathological characteristics
Under the microscope: epileptic scar tissue is composed of a large number of parallel or staggered collagen fiber bundles; the fiber bundles show homogeneous red staining, that is, hyalinization, very few fiber cells, elongated and deeply stained nuclei, and few small blood vessels in the tissue.
Naked eyes: Locally contracted, pale or off-white in color. Translucent, hard and tough, lack of elasticity.
The impact of epileptic scar tissue on the body
favorable
Fill the wound and maintain integrity
Strong tensile strength, maintain sturdiness
unfavorable
epileptic scar contraction
Adhesion marks
Excessive epileptic scar tissue proliferation, also known as hypertrophic epileptic scars.
Scar tissue outcome
The formation process of granulation tissue and scar tissue
Angiogenesis
Fibroblast proliferation and migration
Accumulation of extracellular matrix components and remodeling of fibrous tissue
wound healing
concept
The body's repair process of trauma after being subjected to external forces includes a complex combination of regeneration of various tissues, hyperplasia of granulation tissue, and scar formation, showing the synergy of various processes.
Skin wound healing
basic process
Early inflammatory exudation from the wound (hours)
Wound shrinkage (after 2-3 days)
Granulation tissue hyperplasia and scar formation
Regeneration of epidermis and other tissues
Types of wound healing
primary healing
Epidermal regeneration (24-48h)→granulation tissue growth (3d)→clinical healing (5-7d) epileptic scar turns white (2w)→epidermis is basically normal◇1m)→epileptic scar tensile strength is normal (3m)→white Linear epileptic marks (several months)
feature
The wound margins are neat, tightly aligned, and there is no infection
After suturing, the inflammatory reaction was mild and granulation tissue proliferated.
Short healing time and formation of linear bruises
secondary healing
The wound is large, the edges are irregular, and there is a lot of necrotic tissue
Wound shrinkage, granulation tissue proliferation, wound repair
Long healing time and massive connective tissue proliferation
After the wound heals, large scars form
fracture healing
fracture
Traumatic fracture
pathological fracture
basic process
Hematoma formation: massive bleeding at the fracture site - formation of a hematoma - coagulation of the hematoma - bonding of the broken end of the fracture
Fibrous callus: Granulation tissue replaces the hematoma-organizes-forms fibrous callus-connects the broken ends. X-ray shows spindle-shaped swelling.
Bony callus: fibrous callus, a type of bone tissue, calcium salt deposits, woven bone, formation of osseous callus
Bone reconstruction or remodeling: woven bone - transformed into lamellar bone - fracture healing.
Factors affecting wound healing
systemic factors
age
Nutrition
Hormones and drugs
local factors
Infection and foreign bodies
local blood circulation
innervation
Factors affecting fracture healing
reset
fixed
functional exercise
Epileptic scars, also commonly known as "swelling of the crab's feet" clinically
Myofibroblasts: have contractile functions similar to smooth muscle cells A type of fibroblast.