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MindMap Gallery Rehabilitation Basics
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Rehabilitation Basics
Mainly includes an overview of rehabilitation medicine, anatomy, kinesiology, physiology, neurophysiology, human development, basic physics, basic psychology, etc.
Edited at 2024-03-23 09:09:40
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Rehabilitation Basics
- Valentine's Day marketing campaign
This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
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This Valentine's Day map illustrates love through 30 romantic possibilities, from the vintage charm of "handwritten love letters" to the urban landscape of "rooftop sunsets," from the tactile experience of a "pottery workshop" to the leisurely moments of "wine tasting at a vineyard"—offering a unique sense of occasion for every couple. Whether it's cozy, experiential, or luxurious, love always finds the most fitting expression. May you all find the perfect atmosphere for your love story.
- Milano Cortina 2026 Ice Hockey Schedule
The ice hockey schedule for the Milano Cortina 2026 Winter Olympics, featuring preliminary rounds, quarterfinals, and medal matches for both men's and women's tournaments from February 5–22. All game times are listed in Eastern Standard Time (EST).
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- Outline
basic knowledge
1. Overview of Rehabilitation Medicine
medical relationship
Common principles of rehabilitation medicine
Varies from person to person
Condition and goal differences
age and gender differences
Interests and cultural differences
economic and environmental differences
step by step
persevere
Actively participate
Movement center regulation
neuronal recruitment
comprehensive exercise
Basic policies and regulations
1980
international classification of disabilities
1981
Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation
1983
Convention on Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment of Persons with Disabilities
1990
Disability Protection Act
1994
community rehabilitation
2001
International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF); (structural and functional impairment) impairment, activity-limiting disability, participation-limiting disability used in disability assessments
2006
International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Equality)
China Disability Day
The third Sunday in May every year
international day of persons with disabilities
December 3rd every year
Disability Classification and Prevention
primary disability
Disease, trauma, malnutrition, congenital developmental defects, geriatric diseases, etc.
secondary disability
Joint contracture, urinary system stones and renal dysfunction caused by long-term bed rest after spinal cord injury
Classification
Vision, hearing, speech, body, intelligence, spirit, multiple
prevention
Level 1: Prevention of various injuries or diseases that may lead to disability
Level 2: Preventing complications after an illness or injury occurs
Level 3: Disability has already occurred, prevent the disability from worsening
content
Basics of Rehabilitation
Kinesiology
Neurophysiology
Environmental modification
rehabilitation therapy
Physics, homework (focusing on training of independent survival ability), speech, rehabilitation psychology, rehabilitation engineering, Chinese rehabilitation, rehabilitation nursing
2. anatomy
body surface markers
axis
Sagittal axis (anterior and posterior)
Frontal, coronal axis (left and right)
Vertical, longitudinal axis (parallel to the long axis of the body)
sinuses
Frontal sinus (between eyebrows)
Ethmoid sinus (between the two medial canthus)
Sphenoid sinus: the posterior 1/3 of the line between the two lower orbits and the external auditory canal
Maxillary sinus: 1.5cm below both orbits
nerve
Greater occipital nerve
2cm from midline
Lesser occipital nerve
4cm from midline
Greater auricular nerve
Upper 1/3 of the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
stellate ganglion
Lower edge of 7th cervical vertebra
The lower part of the head is the most protruding.
Nuchal enlargement
C4~5
Waist enlargement
T11~12, lower 1/3 of L1 vertebral body
chest logo
Upper sternal notch, posterior superior 7th cervical vertebra, inferior 10th rib, level 11 thoracic vertebra
Abdominal signs
liver
Right rib area
spleen
left quarter area
pancreatic
Upper abdominal area, the center point of the lowermost edge of the two costal arches
Stomach
Upper abdominal area, left rib area, umbilical triangle area
appendix
MacBurney's point: the middle and outer 1/3 of the line connecting the umbilicus and the right anterior superior iliac spine Lanz point: the right 1/3 point between the two lines of the two anterior superior iliac spines
Back logo
cricoid cartilage
C6
lower angle of scapula
T7
The highest line connecting the two iliac crests
L4
exercise system
bone
206 pieces, bone, periosteum, marrow
Long bones (finger bones), short bones (wrists, back half of feet, tarsus, spine), flat bones (parietal bones of skull, sternum, ribs), irregular bones (vertebral bones, hip bones)
epiphysis
There is a band-like translucent area in juveniles, and an epiphyseal line remains in adults.
joint
basic structure
articular surface
joint cavity
joint capsule
Auxiliary structure
Ligaments, articular discs, articular lips, synovial bursa and synovial sheath
Classification
Single axle: Qushu, axle
Biaxial joint: elliptical, saddle-shaped
Multi-axis joints: ball and socket, plane
Skeletal muscles (striated muscles, voluntary muscles)
shape
Trapezius, rhomboids, deltoid, piriformis
Location
subscapularis, supraspinatus, brachialis
Starting and ending points
sternocleidomastoid muscle
effect
supinator, masseter
fiber direction
External oblique muscles, external intercostal muscles
upper limbs
sternoclavicular joint
The only connection between the upper limbs and the trunk
Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint)
Ball and socket, dislocation often prolapses from below)
bend
Coracobrachialis, anterior part of deltoid, clavicular part of pectoralis major, short head of biceps brachii
stretch
Latissimus dorsi, posterior deltoid, long head of triceps brachii
Adduction
Latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, subscapularis
Outreach
Middle deltoid, supraspinatus
internal rotation
Latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, subscapularis, anterior deltoid
External rotation
Infraspinatus, teres minor
coracoacromial ligament
Prevent humeral head dislocation inward and upward
circumferential groove
Posterior middle part of humeral body
ulnar nerve groove
behind the medial epicondyle
Lower limbs
pelvis
Hip
ilium ischium pubis
Ligament proper: obturator membrane
bend
Iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, pectineus, tensor fascia lata
stretch
Gluteus maximus, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, long head of biceps femoris
Adduction
Pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, lower part of gluteus maximus
Outreach
Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis
sacral
The triangular hole at the lower end of the middle sacral ridge is the sacral canal hole.
tail
No support
sacroiliac joint
auricular surface of sacrum and ilium
greater sciatic foramen
sacroiliac ligament, greater sciatic notch
ischial foramen
Sacroiliac ligament, sacrotuberous ligament, lesser sciatic notch
circular boundary
From the sacral promontory to both sides through the arcuate line, pubic comb, and pubic tubercle to the upper edge of the pubic symphysis
medial tibia and lateral fibula
There is almost no movement between the bones
patella
largest sesamoid bone
knee joint
Lower end of femur, upper end of tibia, patella
anterior cruciate ligament
It is most tense when the knee is extended to prevent the tibia from moving forward.
posterior cruciate ligament
It is most tense when the knee is bent to prevent the tibia from moving posteriorly
bend
Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, popliteus, plantaris
stretch
Quadriceps (hip flexion and knee extension)
internal rotation
Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, sartorius, gracilis, popliteus
External rotation
biceps femoris
ankle joint
Lower end of tibia and fibula, talus pulley (wider in front and narrower in back)
medial ligament (deltoid ligament)
lateral ligament
Composed of 3 discrete independent ligaments
foot joint
dorsiflexion
tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus tertiary
plantar flexion
gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior
Varus
tibialis anterior and posterior
eversion
peroneus longus brevis
spine
26 vertebrae, 23 intervertebral discs (nucleus pulposus (the water content of the nucleus pulposus in young people is 85%, and the water content drops to 70% with age), annulus fibrosus and cartilage end plates)
cervical vertebra
Uncinate joint Luschka (3~7)
thoracic
imbricate
spinal cord capsule
dura mater, spinal arachnoid mater, pia mater
Epidural space, subdural space, subarachnoid space (filled with cerebrospinal fluid)
The line connecting the posterior superior iliac spines on both sides is level with the second sacral vertebra
spinal nerve root
subarachnoid space segment
within the dural sac
epidural space segment
After passing through the dural sac
Muscle layer
level one
Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, posterior external oblique
Second floor
Splenius, levator scapulae, rhomboids, serratus posterior superior, serratus inferior, posterior internal oblique
the third floor
Erector spinae and posterior transversus abdominis
fourth floor
suboccipital muscle, transverse spinalis muscle, intertransverse muscle
nervous system
Central Nervous System
spinal cord
The end of the conus medullaris is flat on the lower edge of L1
The upper cervical cord has the same number, the lower neck and upper chest are 1 section higher, the middle chest is 2 sections higher, and the lower chest is 3 sections higher.
central gray matter, outer white matter
C8~L2 sympathetic nerve cells
S2~4 parasympathetic
brainstem
midbrain
pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum (damage manifests as balance disorder, ataxia, hypotonia, nystagmus, intention tremor)
primitive cerebellum
body balance center
old cerebellum
Regulate muscle tone and maintain body posture
new cerebellum
coordination function
cerebral hemisphere
premotor area, posterior sensory area
language center
Motor speech center Broca
posterior part of inferior frontal gyrus
auditory language center
posterior superior temporal gyrus
writing center
posterior middle frontal gyrus
visual language center
Angular gyrus of inferior parietal lobule
Cerebrovascular
internal artery
Anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, anterior choroid plexus artery, posterior communicating artery
vertebral artery
anterior and posterior spinal arteries and posterior inferior cerebellar artery
basilar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery, labyrinthine artery, pontine artery, posterior cerebral artery
blood vessels of spinal cord
vertebral artery
stage artery
brain barrier
blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, cerebrospinal fluid-brain barrier
nervous system conduction pathways
Proprioception (deep) sense (position sense, movement sense, vibration sense) and fine conduction pathways
level 1 neuron
spinal ganglion cells
level 2
thin fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus
Level 3
ventrolateral nucleus
Pain, temperature, gross touch and pressure sensation
level 1 neuron
spinal ganglion cells
level 2
Lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts
Level 3
ventrolateral nucleus
Vision
level 1 neuron
bipolar cells
level 2
ganglion cells
Level 3
lateral geniculate body
Hearing (bilateral conduction
level 1 neuron
bipolar cells in cochlear nerve
level 2
Ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei
Level 3
inferior colliculus
level 4
medial geniculate body
motor conduction pathways
cone system
Upper motor neurons cross over the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord to innervate skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs; One part does not cross and innervates the trunk muscles.
extrapyramidal system
Adjust muscle tension, coordinate muscle movements, maintain body posture, etc.
peripheral nervous system spinal nerves
Neurons
The basic structure (functional unit) of the nervous system, consisting of cell body, dendrites and axon
nerve
ganglion, plexus, nerve trunk
reflex arc
Receptors, afferent neurons (cell bodies in the cerebrospinal ganglia), interneurons (center), efferent neurons and effectors (cell bodies in the center)
Glial cells
Support, nourish and protect neurons
spinal nerve
cranial nerve
One smell, two vision (sensory nerves), three eye movements, four gliding, five forks and six abductions: Listening from all directions, swallowing with tongue, walking with tongue and swallowing all at once. (mix)
circulatory system
heart
Located in the mediastinum of the chest
Coronary sulcus separates the atria and ventricles
Interventricular groove divides left and right ventricles
heart chamber
right atrium
Receives venous blood from the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava (the coronary sinus ostium is the return port)
right ventricle
Left atrium
Atrioventricular orifice with mitral valve
Left ventricle (most muscular)
The outlet is the aortic orifice
cardiac conduction system
Sinoatrial node, atrioventricular junction, His bundle, left and right bundle branches, Purkinje cells, and internodal and interatrial bundles
Blood vessel
systemic circulation
Originates from left ventricle
aorta
ascending aorta
Originates from the left ventricle and gives rise to the left and right coronary arteries
direct aortic arch continuation
aortic arch
Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery
direct continuation of thoracic aorta
Re-continuation of abdominal aorta
Descending aorta
internal carotid artery
Directly into the skull
external carotid artery
superficial temporal artery, maxillary artery
vein
superior vena cava
The left and right brachiocephalic veins merge behind the first right sternocostal joint and merge into the right atrium (the azygos vein injects before joining)
Superficial veins include cephalic vein, basilic vein, and median cubital vein
inferior vena cava
The left and right common iliac veins merge under the fourth lumbar vertebra and inject into the right atrium.
Great and small saphenous veins
portal vein
Superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein, and splenic vein of intestine, spleen, pancreas, and stomach
Pulmonary circulation
From the right ventricle
lymph
lymphatic system
Lymphatic ducts, lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, palate, tongue, pharyngeal tonsils), lymphoid tissue
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph capillaries, lymphatic vessels, 9 lymphatic trunks, lymphatic ducts (thoracic duct left and right lymphatic ducts)
respiratory system
respiratory tract
Upper respiratory tract
nose and throat
lower respiratory tract
Trachea and bronchi (cartilage C, muscles, connective tissue, mucosa)
The left bronchus is long and the right bronchus is short, and it tends to fall into the right side
lungs and pleura
hilum
Bronchial tubes, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerve entrances
pleura
The visceral pleura and parietal pleura (lining the inner surface of the thorax) form the pleural cavity
Oxygen transport function
Affects ejection ability
Cardiac systolic and diastolic function, peripheral vascular resistance
internal breathing
Gas exchange between cells in the body
external breathing
Gases are exchanged in the alveoli
athletic endurance
Depends on cardiorespiratory function and skeletal muscle metabolism
Endocrine System
endocrine glands
pancreas
islet cells
alpha cells
secrete glucagon
beta cells
secrete insulin
subtopic
Thyroid (T4 and T3)
Often causes hyperthyroidism
insufficient
cretinism
Myxedema in adults
parathyroid gland
Secretes calcitonin (lowers blood calcium and blood phosphorus, target organ is bone) and 1.25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
many
fracture
insufficient
tetany
adrenal gland
left half moon right triangle
Ball Salt, Sugar Bundle, Net Hero
No excretory duct, secretes hormones
pituitary
adenohypophysis
distal part, tubercular part, middle part (anterior pituitary)
Anterior pituitary gland secretes growth hormone
insufficient
juvenile dwarfism
excessive
Juvenile gigantism, adult acromegaly
neurohypophysis
pars nervosa (posterior pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin), infundibulum, median eminence
pineal gland
Thymus
genitourinary system
urinary system
kidney
The left kidney is 1 vertebra higher than the right kidney. The upper end of the left kidney is flat with T11 and the lower end is flat with L2. The upper end of the right kidney is flat with T12 and the lower end is flat with L3.
renal hilum
Blood vessels, renal pelvis, lymphatic vessels, nerves
renal pedicle
veins, arteries, renal pelvis
renal sinus
Renal pelvis, renal calyces, renal calyces, blood vessels, nerves, lymph
ureter
bladder
Adult 350~500ML
male
prostate
membrane part
corpus cavernosum
three narrow
Internal urethral orifice, membranous urethra, external urethral orifice (stones), the external orifice is the narrowest
Three enlargements
Prostatic urethra, bulbar urethra, navicular fossa
urethra
reproductive system
male
internal genitalia
Testes, ducts, accessory glands
external genitalia
Penis and scrotum (prevalent sites for testicular and epididymal tuberculosis)
prostate
between bladder and urogenital septum
Hypertrophy often occurs in the middle and lateral lobes
The posterior lobe is a prone site for tumors
female
internal genitalia
ovaries
Produce eggs and secrete hormones
oviduct
Uterus, fallopian tube isthmus, fallopian tube ampulla, fallopian tube infundibulum
Uterus
Pregnant fetus
Located between the bladder and rectum
Fix the uterus: broad ligament of uterus, round ligament of uterus, cardinal ligament of uterus, uterosacral ligament
vaginal
external genitalia
facial features
Eye (appendage)
eyelids
conjunctiva
tear organ
Eye socket
extraocular muscles
Ear
auricle
There is less subcutaneous tissue, poor cartilage resistance, and easy deformation after infection.
external auditory canal
It has a curved shape, with the outer 1/3 being cartilage and the inner 2/3 being bone.
middle ear
Tympanum, Eustachian tube, mastoid
nose
There are rich vascular anastomotic plexuses in the mucosa of the anterior and lower part of the nasal septum, and about 90% of epistaxis (epistaxis) occurs here.
pharynx
During pronunciation, the pharyngeal cavity can change its shape and resonate (the role of the soft palate)
The pharyngeal lymphatic ring is the upper line of defense against infection in the upper respiratory tract
The palatine tonsils are the largest lymphoid tissue in the pharyngeal lymphatic ring (belonging to the mononuclear-phagocytic cell system)
throat
Adam's apple is equivalent to C4 and 5
The widest is the vestibule of the larynx, and the narrowest is the middle part of the larynx (glottic cleft)
glottis equivalent to C5
oral cavity
proper oral cavity
palate
Front 2/3 hard palate, back 1/3 soft palate
tongue
The posterior body is the lingual nerve, and the base of the tongue is the glossopharyngeal nerve. The movement of the tongue is controlled by the hypoglossal nerve, and the taste nerve is the facial nerve.
glands
Salivary and parotid glands (largest)
submandibular gland
sublingual gland
3. Kinesiology
Sports biomechanics
bone mechanics
Vector
A line segment with an arrow. The length of the line segment indicates the size, and the direction is the direction pointed by the arrow.
Torque
Unit N·m
right hand spiral rule
Couple moments are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
stress
force per unit area
strain
Deformation under internal stress
Elastic Modulus
stress divided by strain
Bone biomechanics
Bones (the cortical bone is the hardest)
bone tissue
cell
osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblast
Organic Ingredients Collagen Fiber
Inorganic component hydroxyapatite crystal
bone cells
Osteoclasts
Mineralized intercellular matrix (bone matrix)
periosteum
joint biomechanics
joint
synovial junction
No movement of joints
Fibrous connections, cartilaginous connections, bony connections
Bone and joint movement
skeletal movement
rotation around joints
scroll-slide
linear displacement
slide
traction
compression
Skeletal muscle biomechanics
type of muscle
skeletal muscle
muscle fiber
Type I red muscle (innervated by alpha neurons), increased mitochondria (distance runners)
Type II A and B white muscles, reduced mitochondria (sprinters)
myocardium
smooth muscle
After human patella resection, the moment arm of the quadriceps muscle is shortened and the knee extension moment is reduced by 30%.
The front and rear loads are zero, the muscle contraction does not need to overcome resistance, and the speed reaches the maximum value.
cartilage biomechanics
There are no blood vessels, lymphatic vessels or nerves in cartilage
hyaline cartilage (most widely distributed in the body), elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage
Mechanical levers of the human body
Type 1 Leverage (Balance)
The fulcrum is between the point of force and the point of resistance (head tilted back)
The second type of leverage (effort saving)
The resistance point is between the force point and the fulcrum (tiptoes)
Most human bodies belong to the third category of levers (speed)
The force point is between the resistance point and the fulcrum (elbow flexion)
Biomechanics of nerve roots
Spinal nerve (can only be stretched 15~23%, can slide 2~5mm in the nerve root canal in the straight leg raising test)
nerve fibers
cell body
peripheral nerves
nerve fibers
Effect of braking on the body
brake
rest on bed
local fixation
Nerve paralysis or paralysis in limbs and body
muscular system
After muscle immobilization, corticosteroid levels increase and decrease protein synthesis
Bone and joint system
Reduced pressure along the longitudinal axis of long bones is a major cause of osteoporosis
Long-term immobilization accelerates bone resorption and increases trabecular bone resorption.
Routine X-ray cannot detect early osteoporosis, and a positive finding must be made if bone density drops by 40%.
Cardiovascular System
The basal heart rate is accelerated, the diastolic period is shortened, and the coronary blood perfusion is reduced.
respiratory system
Pulmonary embolism is mostly a complication of venous thrombosis in the lower extremities
urinary system
Antidiuretic hormone decreases, urination increases, and the excretion of potassium, sodium, and nitrogen increases, resulting in hypercalciuria.
metabolism and endocrinology
negative nitrogen balance
Increased nitrogen elimination begins in 4 to 5 days and reaches a peak in 2 weeks
hypercalcemia
Increased or unstable serum thyroxine and parathyroid hormone
50% incidence in children
It can happen after 4 weeks of bed rest
Exercise biochemistry
metabolism
Glucose metabolism
Glycolysis
Glucose produces pyruvate under anaerobic conditions
Excessive production of lactic acid can cause acidosis
glycogen
A macromolecular polysaccharide composed of multiple glucoses. It is the storage form of sugar in the body. It is mainly stored in muscles and liver.
sports
For exercise lasting more than 60 minutes, the energy from sugar accounts for 50-90% of the total consumption.
At an intensity of 50% VO2max, ingested glucose can replace muscle glycogen for use by active muscles.
Mature red blood cells do not have mitochondria and are capacitated mainly by glycolysis and partly by pentose phosphate.
Blood sugar does not change much after a short period of high intensity exercise, but blood sugar rises significantly after exercise and drops after long-term exercise.
fat metabolism
blood lipids
Contains the most fat (triglyceride TG)
lipids
Phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol
Exercise and lipid metabolism
fatty acid oxidation
Ketone bodies
gluconeogenesis
Conversion of non-sugar substances into glucose or glycogen
People with hyperlipidemia who participate in aerobic exercise can significantly reduce plasma TG
protein metabolism
amino acids
Synthesize protein
In addition to vitamins, almost all nitrogen-containing substances in the body can be converted into amino acids
hormone
Telecrine, paracrine, autocrine, neurocrine
Nitrogenous hormone
Calcitonin, insulin, glucagon, thyroxine, parathyroid hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine
Steroids
Adrenocortical hormones, sex hormones
water and electrolytes
About 60% of a normal adult is water
Intracellular fluid 5/8
40% of men and 35% of women, mostly in skeletal muscle groups
Extracellular fluid 3/8
20% of body weight
Plasma 5%
Interstitial fluid 15%
disorder
capacity
Changes in extracellular fluid volume
concentration
Osmotic pressure changes
Element
ion concentration changes
neural control of muscle movement
reflection
Loss of high-level central control can lead to hyperactivity
Interruption of spinal reflex arc can disappear
brainstem motor tracts
vestibulospinal tract (rubrospinal tract)
excited extensor muscles
tectospinal tract
Exciting neck muscles
medial longitudinal fasciculus
Coordinated eye movements and head and neck movements
reticulospinal tract
Proximal muscle movement control of limbs
4. Physiology
cell physiology
Transmembrane substance transport function of cell membrane
simple diffusion
high concentration to low concentration
facilitated diffusion
high concentration to low concentration
Glucose and certain amino acids pass through carriers, and charged ions are mediated by ion channels
active transport
low concentration to high concentration
sodium pump, calcium pump
secondary active transport
Absorption of glucose and amino acids by intestinal and renal tubular epithelial cells, and transmitter molecules released by nerve terminals
cell excitability
The ability to generate action potentials when stimulated
The excitement must reach a critical value
stimulus intensity
stimulation duration
rate of change of stimulus intensity with respect to time
Threshold stimulus (threshold intensity)
The minimum stimulus intensity required to generate an action potential
absolute refractory period
relative refractory period
Resting potential (negative inside and positive outside)
super
The negative value in the membrane increases
depolarization
The negative value in the membrane decreases
repolarization
Depolarization occurs first and then recovery
Action potential (positive inside and negative outside)
A rapid reversal and restoration of the potential on both sides of the membrane based on the original resting potential.
The generation of action potentials or spikes is a sign of cellular excitation.
cycle
heart
cardiac cycle
The time it takes for the heart to contract and relax
The average adult heart rate is 75 beats/min, and each cardiac cycle lasts 0.8 seconds.
stroke volume
The amount of blood ejected from one ventricle in one heartbeat
heart rate
75 times/min at rest, body temperature rises by 1°C, increases by 12 to 18 times
100 times/min of low-intensity exercise, 150 times of moderate-intensity exercise, and 200 times of maximal exercise
cardiac output
Heart rate × stroke volume
heart index
Cardiac output per unit body surface area
ejection fraction
Stroke volume as a percentage of ventricular end-diastolic volume
Health is 50~75%
myocardial contractility
The number of activated cross-bridges and the ATPase activity of myosin are the main factors controlling contractility.
In resting state, heart rate is 75 beats/min, stroke volume is 70ml, and cardiac output is 5L. Under strenuous exercise, the heart rate is 180~200 beats/min, the stroke volume is 150ml, and the cardiac output is 25~30L, which is 5~6 times that at rest.
Blood vessel
anterior resistance vessel
arterioles and arterioles
posterior resistance vessels
venule
Under resting conditions, 60 to 70% of circulating blood volume is in veins (capacitance vessels)
blood pressure
The lateral pressure of the blood in the blood vessel on the blood vessel wall per unit area
arterial blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure 13.3~16.0kPa (100~120mmHg)
Diastolic blood pressure 8.0~10.6kPa (60~80mmHg)
Pulse pressure 4.0~5.3kPa (30~40mmHg)
Mean arterial pressure 13.3kPa (100mmHg)
venous blood pressure
As the end point of systemic circulation, the right atrium has the lowest blood pressure, close to 0
Central venous pressure (an indicator of cardiovascular function)
Blood pressure in the right atrium and large intrathoracic veins
peripheral venous pressure
Blood pressure in the veins of various organs
Factors affecting blood pressure
cardiac stroke volume
heart rate
peripheral resistance
Elastic reservoir function of aorta and large arteries
Ratio of circulating blood volume to vascular system volume
blood flow
The amount of venous blood returned to the heart per unit time depends on the difference between peripheral venous pressure and central venous pressure, as well as the resistance of the veins to blood flow.
Cardiovascular failure and fitness
Any reduction in exercise and bed rest for more than 2 to 4 weeks are inevitable. Manifested as increased resting heart rate and decreased stroke volume
The level of capillary pressure
Depends on the ratio of precapillary resistance to postcapillary resistance
breathe
lung breathing
The main inspiratory muscle is the diaphragm
Exhaling forcefully mainly involves the abdominal muscles
pulmonary ventilation resistance
elastic resistance
Elastic resistance of lungs and thorax 70%
inelastic resistance
Airway resistance (mainly), inertial resistance, tissue viscous resistance 30%
Lung capacity
tidal volume
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath
vital capacity
3500ml for men, 2500ml for women
time vital capacity
A good indicator for evaluating pulmonary ventilation function
pulmonary ventilation
Normally 12~18 times per minute, tidal volume 500ml, ventilation volume 6~9L per minute
physiological dead space
anatomical dead space
alveolar dead space
oxygen dissociation curve
The temperature rise curve shifts to the right, prompting the release of oxygen; The leftward shift of the temperature reduction curve is not conducive to oxygen release
respiratory quotient
The ratio of carbon dioxide output to oxygen uptake
respiratory center
The respiratory rhythm is located in the lower brainstem
Urology
After strenuous exercise, the amount of sodium ions excreted decreases, and the amount of sodium ions in sweat can reach 50mmol/L. However, the sodium ion concentration in muscle cells remains unchanged during activity, and can reach 600mmol/L in plasma.
chronic pain
Nociceptors themselves release pain-causing substances: substance P
primary center of pain
dorsal horn of spinal cord
higher center for pain
SⅠ pain sensory discrimination area
SII visceral pain
SⅢDeep sensory resolution
The limbic system is involved in visceral and psychogenic pain
Neurophysiology
occurrence of pain
Skin irritation trigger sequence
Touch - pressure - vibration - burning - sharp pain (this is the first stage of Aδ fiber excitement) - dull pain (this is the second stage of C fiber excitement)
Classification of pain
Superficial pain
Fast or sharp pain Adelta fiber
deep pain
Dull pain C fiber
visceral pain
Inaccurate positioning of C fiber
central pain
severe intractable pain
Pain regulation mechanism
gate theory
Segmental regulation of GABAergic and opioidergic neurons
Downward regulatory pathways
endogenous analgesic mechanism
cognitive regulation
5. Neurophysiology
Nerve cells and synapses
interstitial cells of nervous tissue
Glial cells
Neurotransmitter release and modulation
When an action potential occurs, the influx of sodium ions causes depolarization of the presynaptic membrane, and calcium ions enter the presynaptic membrane.
chemical synaptic transmission
One way delivery
synaptic delay
Fatiguability of synaptic transmission
sum of space and time
Sensitivity to changes in the internal environment
sensitivity to certain drugs
Basics of Electrophysiology
threshold potential
Depolarization of intramembrane potential triggers an action potential
Basic characteristics of local excitation
Not "all or nothing", but increases with increasing subliminal stimulation
Cannot be spread over long distances on the membrane,
Local excitations can be superimposed on each other
Energy-saving transmission method
The total number of ion movements across the membrane involved in an excitation is much smaller
Action potentials recorded extracellularly are triphasic
6. human development
normal development
Growth and Development Progressiveness of Growth and Development
From head to tail, from near to far, from coarse to fine, from dynamic to still.
development of central nervous system
brain development
The earliest development, at the age of 5, it is close to the adult brain weight
nerve cell differentiation
Differentiation is basically completed at 3 years old and close to adulthood at 8 years old
nerve myelin sheath
It is completed around the age of 4. Before that, children have difficulty concentrating.
cerebral oxygen consumption
Children account for 50% of the total and adults 20%. Long-term nutritional deficiencies can cause brain growth and development to lag.
development of spinal cord
The lower end of the spinal cord is at L2 during fetal life and moves upward to L1 at 4 years of age.
Development of neural reflexes and physiological responses
Reflection classification
applied stimulus
Stretch reflex, accelerated reflex, light reflex
The location where the sensilla exists
Deep reflection and shallow reflection
answer motion mode
flexion reflex, extension reflex
reflective purpose
Escape reflex, protective stretch reflex
reflex development
original
The center is located in the spinal cord, medulla oblongata and pons
Usually disappears within 2 to 6 months
Hugging, sucking, feeding, hand holding, foot holding, positive support, lateral bending, tonic neck, tonic labyrinthine reflex
stand straight
Some reflexes disappear by age 5, but most remain throughout life
Neck, trunk, labyrinth, visual orthostatic reflex, parachute reflex (should appear at 6 months)
balance
Sitting in front, side, and behind 6 months, 8 months, 10 months
Standing position: front, side, rear 12 months, 18 months, 24 months
muscle tone development
stillness, posture, movement
For children over 3 months old, the palm flexion angle should be >45°, the popliteal angle should be 90~130°, and the femoral angle should be >70°.
hypotonia
Frog position, W-shaped, jackknife-shaped, inverted U-shaped, wing-shaped shoulders, convex torso, and drooped head
increased muscle tone
Dorsiflexion of the head, opisthotonus, crossed lower limbs, pointed feet
sensorimotor development
sensory development
developmental stage
Visual information feedback processing (birth ~ 2 months)
Object identification (3~6 months)
Fine discrimination of objects (after 7 months)
See
Able to stare at light for 1 month and move head 90° with objects
3~4 months 180°
Moving up and down from June to July
Looking at small objects from August to September
Distinguish various shapes at 18 months
2 years old can distinguish between vertical lines and horizontal lines
4-year-old copying geometric figures
5-year-old distinguishes various colors
10-year-old can correctly judge distance and speed and can catch balls thrown from a distance
listen
In 3 to 4 months, the head turns to the source of the sound and smiles when hearing the pleasant sound.
1 year old can understand his own name
18 months old can differentiate between a dog barking and a car horn
2 years old can distinguish between the sound of paper being kneaded and the sound of running water
A 3-year-old can distinguish between bah and aah sounds
Hearing is fully developed at 4 years old
taste
The sense of taste is well developed at birth
sniff
In 3~4 months, you can distinguish between like and dislike smells.
From July to August, the sense of smell is already sensitive
motor development
From generalization to concentration, from top to bottom, from near to far
gross motor
4~5 months reaching for things
Elbow support at 3 months, hand support at 6 months, abdominal crawl at 9 months, quad crawl at 10 months, high crawl at 11 months
The rise is relatively stable in 3 months and stable in April.
Newborns lean forward fully, lean forward half in 2 to 3 months, sit with their waist supported in 4 to 5 months, sit with their back arched in 6 months, sit with their back straight in 7 months
Standing alone in October, walking alone in December, walking steadily in 15 months, jumping on both feet in 24 months, hopping on one foot in 30 months
fine motor
Pinch and tap movements appear in June to July
Tearable paper from September to October
From 12 to 15 months, use a spoon and draw graffiti
Able to stack 2~3 building blocks at 18 months
A 2-year-old can stack 6 to 7 building blocks and flip books
4 to 5 years old cutting things
6 year old tying shoelaces
social communication development
development of self-awareness
Self-feeling about body 1 year old
Awareness of self-identity 2 years old
Awareness of self-respect 3 years old
Awareness of self-expansion 4 years old
Formation of self-image 4 to 6 years old
Self-formation through rational application of thinking 6 to 12 years old
The formation of self-pursuit from 12 years old to adolescence
Understanding the Formation of Self Adulthood
psychological development characteristics
childhood
Normal psychological stages of growth and development begin
puberty
The contradiction between independence and dependence, the contradiction between isolation and communication psychology, the contradiction between ideal and reality, the contradiction between emotion and emotion, the contradiction between sexual physiology and sexual psychology.
middle age
During the period of personality maturity and stability, multiple roles and psychological conflicts increase.
old age
Mood changes, personality changes
cognitive development
development of attention
Didn’t pay attention before 3 years old
Pay attention intentionally after 3 years old
5~6 years old can better control their attention
development of thinking
Thinking at 1 year old
3-year-old has the most rudimentary image thinking
Initial abstract thinking after 3 years old
language development
pronunciation order
Able to imitate monosyllables at 6 months
8 months of irregular talking reaches climax
Imitate BYebye from June to September
10 months old can imitate talking about mom and dad
Able to respond to the word "let go" from September to December
Diphthong in December, able to speak simple words and repeated words
A 7-year-old can pronounce all the phonetic sounds correctly.
abnormal development
motor function development disorder
Congenital motor dysfunction (before the end of delivery)
Cerebral palsy, limb deficiency, spina bifida, hip dislocation, muscular dystrophy, muscular dystrophy
acquired movement dysfunction
Brachial plexus injury, multiple peripheral neuritis, acute poliomyelitis, craniocerebral injury, encephalitis, sequelae of meningitis, spinal cord injury, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Progression of motor dysfunction
temporary
Brachial plexus injury, Guillain-Barré syndrome
stable
Cerebral palsy, spina bifida, limb mutilation, spinal cord injury, brain trauma, polio
Progressive
Muscular dystrophy, muscular dystrophy, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, collagen vascular disease
behavioral problems
biological function
Enuresis, enuresis, dreaminess, restless sleep, night terrors, lack of appetite
Boys present with motor and social behavioral problems
Girls present with personality and behavioral problems
7. Basics of Physics
electrotherapy
Basic knowledge of electricity
wavelength of electromagnetic waves
The length from one wave crest to the next wave crest
propagation speed of electromagnetic waves
3×10 to the eighth power m/s, equivalent to the speed of light
electromagnetic wave frequency
1GHz=1000MHz, 1MHz=1000kHz, 1kHz=1000Hz
conductor
excellent conductor
liquid
good conductor
Nerves, muscles, liver, kidneys, brain
bad conductor
Bone, dry skin, connective tissue, fat
insulator
Dry hair, nails, teeth
Ohm's law
I＝U/R
safety knowledge
dry
DC voltage does not exceed 65V
moist
DC voltage does not exceed 40V
Absolutely safe voltage 24V
AC voltage does not exceed 36V
The absolute safe voltage of underground, spa and mud therapy rooms is <12V
50Hz AC power should be below 10mA, DC power should be below 50mA
light therapy
visible light
Infrared (longest wavelength)
longwave shortwave
Ultraviolet light (shortest wavelength)
long medium short wave
laser
Produced by the amplification of stimulated emission of light
Good brightness, good directionality, good monochromaticity, and good coherence
Laser energy E=P·t
ultrasound
Human ears can hear 16Hz~20kHz, and frequencies higher than 20kHz are ultrasonic waves.
Commonly used ultrasound therapy frequencies are 800~3000kHz, and the dose is less than 3W/cm²
cannot spread in a vacuum
The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength, and the smaller the divergence angle
High-frequency ultrasound can propagate in an almost straight line in the same elastic medium
transmission speed
Solid>Liquid>Gas
magnetic field therapy
magnetic
ferromagnetic
Magnetic permeability>1, iron, nickel, cobalt
Paramagnetic
Magnetic permeability is slightly >1, aluminum, magnesium, rare earth metals, air
Diamagnetism
Magnetic permeability <1, copper, bismuth, boron, mercury, glass, water
magnetic pole
The part where the magnetic field lines (always flow from N to S) are densest and most magnetic.
thermotherapy
Heat J
Heat capacity J/K
Heat absorbed per 1°C rise
Vaporization (endotherm)
evaporation
boiling
paraffin
Distillation product of petroleum, odorless and tasteless, insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, easily soluble in ether
Medical melting point is 50~60℃, refining melting point is 52~54℃, boiling point is 110~120℃
Large heat capacity, poor thermal conductivity, good heat storage performance
hydrotherapy
basic concept
Water has the highest density at 4°C
Density = mass/volume, g/cm²
mechanical force of water
Hydrostatic pressure
Can affect lung expansion, the human chest is the most sensitive
8. Psychology basics
Introduction to Psychology
perception
Holism, constancy, selectivity, understanding, adaptability
Space perception, time perception, motion perception
memory
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
thinking
Generalization, indirection, reorganization of experience
Action thinking, image thinking, abstract thinking
Notice
Directivity, concentration
Classification of emotions
fear, anger, sadness, joy
motivation function
inspire, direct, maintain and regulate
Temperament (proposed by Hippocrates)
Choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic
psychological essence
Psychology is a function of the brain
Psychology is the brain’s reflection of objective things
Psychology is the subjective active reflection of objective reality
The brain is the psychological organ
Frontal lobe: speech, wisdom center
Parietal Lobe: Sensory and Motor
Occipital lobe: visual center
Temporal lobe: auditory center
mental health
Normal intelligence, emotional stability and happiness, good interpersonal relationships, and good adaptability
Doctor-patient relationship
model
active-passive
Anesthesia and surgery, emergency treatment, hypnosis
Mentoring-Collaboration
Most modes do this
Be involved together
Doctor-patient communication
people oriented
Honesty and integrity
equal respect
Communicate proactively
Overall comprehensive
Strictly confidential
compassion and understanding
Psychological changes of disabled people
ignorance
Think that your condition is not serious and can be cured after a period of treatment
Shock
The brain is blank, the thinking reaction is slow, silent, and there is no feeling or response to the people and things around you.
deny
depression
Oppose independence
adapt
9. Microbiome and Immunity Fundamentals
microorganism
eukaryotic cells
fungi, protozoa
Prokaryotic cells (no nuclear membrane nucleolus)
Bacteria, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Actinomycetes
non-cellular
Viruses, subviruses, prions
flora distribution
skin
Gram-positive cocci
Staphylococcus epidermidis is common
gastrointestinal tract
Stomach acid has a bactericidal effect, and the jejunum of healthy people is often sterile
respiratory tract
Group A Streptococcus and catarrhalis are mainly found on the mucosa of the throat and tonsils; Normal human bronchi and alveoli are sterile
Physiological effects of normal flora
biological antagonism
stimulate immune response
synthetic vitamins
Decompose food residue
Therapeutic properties and immunity of bacteria
toxin
Exotoxins
endotoxin
Bacteria are not released when in a living state, and are heat-resistant and will not be destroyed when heated to 100°C for 1 hour. It must be deactivated after 2~4 hours at 160℃ or boiling with strong acid and alkali for 30 minutes.
Pathogenic cocci
Gram-positive bacteria
staphylococcus
The most common pyogenes, an important source of hospital cross-infection
Streptococcus
Hemolysin "O" can destroy white blood cells and platelets
Pyrogenic exotoxins are the main causative agents of scarlet fever in humans
pneumococci
Gram-negative bacteria
meningococci
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Enterobacteriaceae
Enterotoxins
Heat-resistant to 100°C and will not be damaged after being thrown for 20 minutes
Intolerant to heat and will be deactivated after 30 minutes at 65°C.
Hepatitis B virus
HBsAg is a marker of HBV infection
Not contagious
The presence of HBeAg indicates that the blood is infectious
Anti-HBs and anti-HBe are the beginning of disease recovery
HBcAg or anti-HBc indicates that HBV continues to replicate in the liver
Immunity Basics
immune organ
bone marrow B cells
thoracic marrow T cells
Immunoglobulin
IgD
B cell differentiation and maturation
IgE
increase height
Type I allergic disease
IgA
reduce
People with recurrent respiratory tract infections
IgG
Synthesis begins after 3 months of life
IgM
ontogeny appears earliest
Increased levels are common in various chronic infections
serum complement
A thermolabile globulin with enzymatic activity in serum
The biological role of complement
Cytotoxic, bactericidal and bactericidal effects
conditioning
immune adhesion
Neutralize and dissolve viruses
inflammatory mediators
Cytokines
Overlapping, multiple effects, high efficiency, network
CD4+T cells
cause chronic inflammation
CD8+T cells
Antiviral infection
posterior fossa
31 pairs of spinal nerves
The iliofemoral ligament limits extension and abduction
largest and most complex joint
Palm facing forward, thumb on the outside
Level 4: 1 extremely severe, 2 severe, 3 moderate, 4 mild