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management knowledge
A summary of the management knowledge chapters of basic public knowledge, including basic management theories, basic knowledge of public management, basic knowledge of administrative management, etc.
Edited at 2024-03-21 18:07:15
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management knowledge
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This Valentine's Day brand marketing handbook provides businesses with five practical models, covering everything from creating offline experiences to driving online engagement. Whether you're a shopping mall, restaurant, or online brand, you'll find a suitable strategy: each model includes clear objectives and industry-specific guidelines, helping brands transform traffic into real sales and lasting emotional connections during this romantic season.
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- Outline
management knowledge
Basic theories of management
Overview
concept
It is the effective use of resources owned by the organization under a specific environment by managers. The process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling to achieve stated organizational goals
Management is an activity directed by managers
carried out under certain environmental conditions
To achieve organizational goals
Effective mobilization and allocation of resources is required
Have basic functions
It is a social practice activity
characteristic
duality
productivity attributes
command labor
natural properties
Production relations attributes
supervise labor
social attributes
Management work is both scientific and artistic
Targeted
Have clear direction for activities and resource allocation
It has the function of motivating the managers and enhancing their sense of responsibility.
It has the function of creating a harmonious management environment and provides a basis for managers to effectively detect management performance.
organized
It is the function of the organization and a necessary factor for the existence and development of the organization.
plays a key hub role
constitute the core elements of management
innovative
Fremont E. Custer
rapid, continuous, fundamental change
Function
Planning, organizing, leading and controlling
Type of manager
Differentiation of management levels
top management
middle managers
Lower level managers
Field breadth and professional nature
General management personnel
Professional managers
Skills a Manager Should Have (Robert Katz)
Technical skills
Most important for grassroots management
interpersonal skills
All levels of leadership are equally important
conceptual skills
Most important for top management
Robert Katz
Five management functions: planning, organization, command, coordination and control
Three management roles: senior management, middle management, and junior management
decision making
Overview
To achieve a certain goal, consider two or more feasible methods The analysis and judgment process of choosing a better solution in a case
Characteristics: Goal, feasibility, selectivity, satisfaction, process, dynamics
type
Importance
Strategic Decision
tactical decisions
business decisions
degree of repetition
programmed decision-making
unprogrammed decision making
degree of controllability of conditions
deterministic
risky
Uncertain
Decision-making entities are different
personal decision making
group decision making
predict
Fully reflects the subjective initiative of human activities
Forecasting methods
Qualitative prediction
expert investigation method
Delphi method
Quantitative forecasting
time series method
Also called simple extension method, including simple average and weighted average.
causal prediction method
psychological effect
halo effect
Celebrity effect is a typical halo effect
primacy effect
first feeling
recency effect
novelty effect
bandwagon effect
Band float effect, follow the crowd
stereotype effect
stereotype effect
contrast effect
have adverse effects
projection effect
The tendency to attribute one's own characteristics to others
organize
Overview
Barnard: A cooperative system of conscious coordination and activity of two or more people, consisting of Basic elements of organization: common goals, willingness to cooperate, exchange of information
The exchange of information is a bridge between the common goals of the organization and individual wishes.
feature
goal consistency
unity of principle
Integration of resources
Collaboration of activities
structural systematicity
type
By degree of establishment and formalization
formal organization
informal organization
Mayo's Hawthorne Experiment
According to the degree of flexibility and adaptability of the organization
mechanistic organization
Tend to rigidity
organic organization
Elastic organization, adaptive organization, characterized by Low complexity, low formalization, decentralization
Longitudinal structural design
It is to determine the scope of management and divide the management levels
span of management
Refers to the effective management of a supervisor by the number of direct reports
factors to consider
nature of duties
The strength of subordinates’ work ability
the nature of the work itself
Level of standardization and authorization
Information feedback
The relationship between management levels and management span
Under the conditions of a certain organizational scale, the scope of management is inversely proportional to the management level. The larger the scope of management, the smaller the management levels; conversely, the smaller the scope of management, the more levels of management
group Culture
Overview
The all-round development of people is the ultimate goal, and the core is organizational spirit and organizational values.
Characteristics: intangibility, practicality, uniqueness, inheritance, plasticity
structure
physical layer
surface layer of organizational culture
Institutional level
The middle layer of organizational culture
spiritual level
The heart and soul of organizational culture
lead
meaning
Organizational journalism theory believes that leadership refers to motivating, guiding and influencing individuals or The action process by which an organization achieves its organizational goals under certain conditions
Contingency Theory of Leadership (Random Conditions Theory)
Fiedler's total variation theory
envirnmental factor
Subordinate relationship
task structure
Position rights
Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Theory
Leadership success depends on the maturity of followers and the resulting leadership style
The situational leadership model divides leadership styles into four categories
Command type (high work, low relationship)
Persuasive type (high work＿high relationship)
Participative (low work, high relationship)
Empowerment type (low work, low relationship)
Robert House path-goal theory
Provide information support or other necessary resources to subordinates, It's the leader's job to help them reach their goals
Leadership behavioral styles: directive, supportive, participative and achieving
Steven Kerr and John Gemeier's Alternative Theory of Leadership
In many situations, the leader can take over some of the leader's responsibilities
motivation theory
Hierarchy of needs theory (Maslow, USA)
Five levels from low to high
Physiological needs
security needs
social needs
respect needs
self-actualization needs
Two-factor theory (Herzberg, USA)
Hygiene factors cannot directly motivate employees, but they can prevent employee dissatisfaction.
Equity Theory (Decy Adams, USA)
The impact of fairness of remuneration on people’s motivation to work
Reinforcement theory (Skinner, USA)
Human behavior can be divided into three categories: instinctive behavior, reactive behavior, and operant behavior
Four ways to transform behavior
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
natural fading or fading treatment
punish
control
Overview
Control function
supervisory function
Correction function
coordination function
Incentive function
type of control
Depending on the nature of the control activity
preventive control
corrective control
According to the stage of control activity progress
advance control
process control
ex post control
According to the type of control information
feedback control
Use past situations to guide the present and future , thereby achieving control over the management process
Feedforward control
Use the latest information to make predictions and deliver the desired results Compare with the predicted results and implement the input when taking measures Activities align with desired outcomes
According to the means of control
direct control
It is a form of control in which the controller has direct contact with the controlled object.
indirect control
It is a form of control in which there is no direct contact between the controller and the controlled object, but through an intermediate medium.
Basic knowledge of public administration
Overview
Concept and basic characteristics of public administration
The public administration department with the government as the core integrates various forces in society and widely uses political, economic, and legal methods to strengthen government governance. activities to improve government performance and public service quality, thereby achieving public welfare and public interests
Basic Features
publicity
public interest orientation
public participation
Efficacy
Pay more attention to results and emphasize the comparative relationship between input factors and actual output. Pursue the organic unity of multiple values including economic efficiency and effectiveness
plurality of subjects
The main body refers to the government as the core, the non-governmental public sector as an important supplement, and the private sector and the public sector. The main body of public affairs governance and its network system with the active participation of the public
Diversity and innovation of means
Legality
Implementing the rule of law is an inevitable requirement and inevitable trend of public administration
functions of public administration
political function
ruling function
guard function
diplomatic functions
economic function
Solve problems in macroeconomic operations
Adjust economic structure
fair income distribution
Market supervision function
The main body of supervision is the government. The object is market activities including various economic relations
Market order maintenance function
Income distribution adjustment function
social management functions
government social management
self-management of society
social security functions
public service functions
concreteness
directness
publicity
Environmental and resource protection functions
public policy
Classification
Divided according to the guiding role of policies
Yuan (general) policy
basic policy
specific policies
Depending on the policy, the impact on society and the relationships between the people involved
distributive policy
regulatory policy
self-regulatory policy
redistributive policy
According to the different areas of social life and issues involved in public policies
political policy
economic policy
social policy
cultural policy
Function
Guidance function
Regulatory function
That is, coordination and control functions, mainly characterized by interactivity and diversity
In fact, it is regulation-feedback-re-regulation-refeedback
Assign function
Innovative features
also called regeneration function
Principles of implementation
Policy implementers establish organizational structures, use various policy resources, and adopt various implementation methods to implement policies The process of transforming planning content from concepts into practical effects to achieve established policy goals
in principle
principle of legality
contingency principle
systematic principle
timeliness principle
Evaluate
Classification
The status of the assessment agency
internal assessment
external evaluation
Evaluation stages in the policy process
Pre-assessment
Perform assessment
post-assessment
Criteria for policy evaluation
Policy input
Policy benefits
policy efficiency
level of public response
public decision-making
Overview
public policy
In the process of handling national government affairs and social public management, public organizations take the public interest, public and fair Actions based on principles, decisions made in accordance with laws or relevant regulations, and action plans resulting from such actions
The basic principle
Purpose Principle
feasibility principle
prediction principle
information principle
priority principle
system principles
Public decision-making methods and techniques
According to the nature of decision-making methods and technologies
Qualitative decision-making methods and techniques
Value Analysis
Feasibility Analysis
Delphi method
Subjective probability prediction method
hyperrational analysis
Quantitative decision-making methods and techniques
Predictive analytics
Economic Benefit Analysis
regression analysis
Input-output analysis
Fuzzy analysis
implement
Features
Purpose of execution
timeliness of execution
Executive flexibility
The basic principle
Combination of overall planning and overall consideration
Combining principles and flexibility
Combining execution efficiency and execution methods
public crisis management
Overview of public crises
Basic elements of a crisis
cause serious consequences
Limited time to react
Something happened suddenly
unexpected
Features
publicity
suddenness and urgency
high uncertainty
Classification
Inducement division
natural disaster
social events
Characteristic Angle Division
natural disaster
Man-made accidents (traffic accidents, explosions)
Major social events (terrorist attacks, invasion by foreign enemies)
grade
Level I (especially serious, indicated in red)
Level II (major, indicated in orange)
Level III (larger, indicated in yellow)
Level IV (general, indicated in blue)
Extraordinarily serious, major and general public emergencies are respectively classified by the central level, Provincial, municipal and county-level governments uniformly lead and coordinate emergency response work
Overview of Public Crisis Management
primary goal
Establish order and stability during emergencies and maintain the normal functioning of the social and economic system.
in principle
The principle of timeliness (the first principle of public crisis management)
efficiency principle
synergy principle
scientific principle
Essentials of Crisis Response or Management
Reduce and mitigate crises
Mobilize and prepare resources to effectively control the crisis
Respond to the needs of society and the public
Post-crisis recovery and reconstruction
Core framework of public crisis management (one case, three systems)
"One case" refers to the emergency plan
The organizational command system and responsibilities of emergency management work
Emergency prevention and early warning mechanism
Disposal procedures
emergency safeguard measures
Post recovery and reconstruction measures
content
"Three Systems"
The essence of emergency management
Operational mechanism and legal system
Basic knowledge of administration
Government Functions
meaning
also called administrative functions
Present the basic content of public administration activities Content and direction reflect the essence of public administration
Classification
Basic functions
political function
Military security, public security, democratic political construction, diplomacy
economic function
Macroeconomic control and provision of public goods and services. Market Supervision
cultural function
Develop science and technology, develop education, develop cultural undertakings, develop health and sports
social function
Regulate social distribution and organize social security. Protect the ecological environment and natural environment, Promote the establishment of a social service system. Improving population quality and implementing family planning
operational functions
planning function
The primary function in the administrative operation process is the core of management
organizational functions
It is a key function to achieve administrative management goals and management efficiency. Functions that reflect the integrity and cohesion of government administration
Coordination function
Balance various administrative relationships and adjust various interest factors
control function
The function of preventing and correcting deviations from target behavior
change
content
The fundamental way to transform government functions is to separate government and enterprise
Way
Transformation of government functions is the core of deepening administrative system reform
A functional system of government agencies with clear boundaries of authority, reasonable division of labor, consistent power and responsibilities, efficient operation, and guaranteed rule of law.
administrative organization
Meaning and characteristics
The carrier of the administrative system, the most extensive and important organization among social organizations, refers to the purpose of the state An institutional entity established in accordance with the law to perform administrative functions and have job creation, staffing and system regulations.
Features
political
serve the interests of the ruling class
Determined by the nature and state system of the country
Our country’s state system is led by the working class, with workers and peasants A socialist country based on the alliance-based people's democratic dictatorship
Systematic
Serviceability
Public agencies must perform service functions
Legality
Administration by Law
authoritative
embodies the unity of coercion and democracy
type
According to power characteristics, management scope, work nature, functions and roles
Leading body
People's governments at all levels
functional agencies
Such as the Animal Husbandry Bureau. Transportation, education, civil affairs and other departments
Office
An office that is directly under the leadership of a leading authority and directly assists and serves the leading authority. National Development and Reform Commission, general offices of governments at all levels
advisory body
An auxiliary agency established in the government with the main functions of consulting and consulting, such as the Research Office of the State Council
Directly affiliated agencies
Administrative agencies established at one level of government to be in charge of certain specialized businesses
dispatching agency
The main task is to inspect and urge lower-level administrative agencies to implement the laws and regulations of higher-level administrative agencies. Policies and support
structure
Administrative organizational structure
A relationship model established between various levels and departments of an administrative organization
Mainly manifested in the hierarchy, structure and department structure of administrative organizations structure and the relationship between hierarchical structure and departmental structure
vertical structure
The hierarchical structure refers to the administrative affiliation between superior and subordinate levels of government and between superior and subordinate levels within various government departments.
It solves the problem of vertical division of labor in administrative organizations
horizontal structure
Horizontal division of labor model of administrative organization
It solves the problem of horizontal division of labor in administrative organizations
executive leadership
Overview
executive leadership
Directing and persuading individuals and groups within an administrative organization must The process of carrying out certain public management goals under certain conditions, and those who are committed to it are administrative leaders.
Executive Leadership Responsibilities
Scientific decision-making, talent selection, organization, coordination, and effective incentives
Scientific decision-making
Decision-making is the central link in the administrative process
It can be considered that without decision-making, there will be no administrative leadership activities
Select talents and employ people
Basic Responsibilities of Administrative Leadership
The principle of having both ability and political integrity The principle of promoting strengths and avoiding weaknesses principle of equivalent abilities and positions Nurture Education Principles
Organization and coordination
five elements
Target personnel Rights and responsibilities property overall values
Effective motivation
Mental stimulation
material incentives
Basic qualities of administrative leadership
Ideological and theoretical cultivation
Seeking truth and pragmatic style
macro strategic thinking
Pioneering and innovative capabilities
leadership style
centralized leadership style
Emphasis on top-down command and obedience in the leadership process, Denies the right to bottom-up decision-making, participation and advocacy
Role: unified leadership, unified administration, quick response, and powerful action
democratic leadership style
Emphasis on the bottom-up leadership process at the beginning, encouraging extensive participation and intervention, Emphasize the decisive role of the will of the majority in decision-making
Advantages: brainstorm, mobilize forces, achieve change, and promote democratic development
Legal leadership style
The unity of leadership and law-abiding subjects Legality of leadership authority Legitimacy of leadership behavior Legalization of leadership decisions, Openness of power supervision
Main features
administrative execution
Overview
State administrative agencies and their civil servants use various material conditions and spiritual strength to make decisions policy directives issued by policy agencies and implemented in order to solve the targeted social problems
three phases
Preparation Phase
Full and thorough requirements are required. economy
Specific implementation stage
Strive to be fast, accurate and effective
evaluation stage
Must be comprehensive, true and fair
four means
Administrative measures
economic means
Legal means
educational means
The basic principle
loyal to decisions
firm and thorough
Quick and decisive
Execute in accordance with the law
Follow-up inspection
Orderly execution
Administrative execution link
The implementation stage is a key link and the core content of administrative execution.
administrative command
Administrative leaders use orders and instructions to make arrangements for administrative execution.
three types
verbal command
written command
Conference command
Must do
Command must be unified
Must be level by level
Must be decisive
Must be skillful
administrative authorization
leader. Put things within your purview. Entrust it to subordinates
4 types
Rigid authorization
Flexible authorization
lazy authorization
Fuzzy authorization
utility value
Helps reduce the burden of power on leaders
Helps motivate subordinates to work
Contribute to the development and improvement of lower-level staff
Helps enhance the overall functionality of the organization, thereby improving the effectiveness and efficiency of management
The basic principle
Alignment of powers and responsibilities
Authorization based on ability
proper control
full trust
administrative communication
Administrative communication can generally be divided into two categories: formal communication and informal communication.
formal communication
Transmit and exchange information through channels clearly defined by the organization
According to the direction of information flow, it can be divided into: Downward communication Upward communication parallel communication
informal communication
Information transfer and exchange outside formal communication channels
Has strong instability and randomness
administrative coordination
Make various agencies and institutions cooperate with each other and work together to achieve predetermined decision-making goals
The basic principle
The principle of overall planning and balance
The principle of seeking common ground amidst differences
The principle of impartiality and proactiveness
Principles of Coordination in the Initial Stage
Coordination is a dynamic process. Pay attention to the timeliness of coordination. At the same time, attention should also be paid to the continuity of coordination
Administrative costs
Broad administrative costs
Various resources consumed by government administrative actions
material resources
information resource
spiritual resources
relational resources
Administrative costs in a narrow sense
Various expenditures incurred by administrative agencies in the performance of their functions
The cost of maintaining the operation of the administrative agency itself
Expenses incurred in performing the functions undertaken by the agency
Criteria for measuring administrative costs
Expenses incurred by administrative agencies to maintain their normal operations
Number of staff in administrative agencies
The proportion of material and wealth resources occupied by administrative agencies in gross domestic product
Number and size of administrative agencies
Administrative supervision
Overview
Various supervisory bodies, including state agencies, political parties, and the masses, monitor government agencies and their companies in accordance with the law. Supervision and supervision activities carried out during the administrative behavior of civil servants and the operation of administrative power
general administrative supervision
Compare. Comprehensive and systematic supervision
Supervision among rating agencies
Supervision of superiors by subordinates
The superior pair has a subordinate relationship. supervision of subordinates
The purpose of administrative supervision
Prevent and correct illegal acts by administrative counterparts
Ensure the implementation of laws, regulations and rules and the realization of administrative objectives
The role of administrative supervision
evaluation role
preventive effect
remedial effect
Improvement effect
educational role
system
Internal administrative supervision
Overview
government self-supervision
The government is the object of administrative supervision, and it can also be the subject of administrative supervision.
It is the first line of defense of the administrative supervision system and the most direct and rapid supervision.
general supervision
hierarchical supervision
Most important part
the most extensive kind of supervision
Characteristics: Directness, regularity, extensiveness
Three main forms of daily supervision, supervisory supervision and functional supervision
Audit supervision
It is an important means for the state to conduct financial and economic supervision.
Purpose: To standardize the revenue and expenditure behavior of public finances
external administrative oversight
Overview
External constraints on the government are implemented by organizations and personnel that are external and independent of the government.
The second line of defense against government administration is also the most beneficial and effective line of defense.
Classification
Legislative supervision
definition
Mainly refers to the supervisory power of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. This is an important power conferred by the Constitution
Supervision method
Hear and review the work report of the People's Government
legal review
Removal of members of the people's government at the same level
question
Judicial supervision
definition
The judicial organs are responsible for implementation. Supervision of administrative agencies and their staff
Supervision method
Supervision by the People's Procuratorate
The People's Court is the judicial organ of the country
Supervision and supervision
definition
The Supervisory Committee shall supervise all public officials who exercise public power to perform their duties in accordance with the law, use their power impartially, Supervise and inspect political integrity and ethics
The National Supervisory Commission is elected by the National People's Congress. Accept the supervision of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee
main duty
Maintain the Party's charter and other intra-Party regulations, inspect the implementation of the Party's line, principles, policies and resolutions, Supervise the exercise of power by party members and leading cadres. Uphold the constitution and laws, Supervise and inspect public officials’ performance of their duties in accordance with the law, impartial use of power, honest administration and ethical conduct, Conduct inspections on suspected job violations and job crimes, and make decisions on government sanctions. Hold accountable leaders who fail to perform their duties or are derelict in their duties. Responsible for organizing and coordinating the construction of party style and clean government and anti-corruption propaganda, etc.
Party supervision
definition
Mainly refers to the supervision of state administrative agencies and their staff by the Communist Party of China and various democratic parties in accordance with the law.
Supervision method
Communist Party Supervision
Through Party committees at all levels and their functional departments, inspect the government's implementation of the Party's line, principles, policies and implementation of the Constitution and laws, Promptly point out and correct political deviations in the administrative management process, Always maintain the socialist political direction of administrative management and the fundamental purpose of serving the people
Through the organizational department’s institutionalized inspection and evaluation of party members and leading cadres in people’s governments at all levels, Ensure the political loyalty of these party members and leading cadres, Ensure that the government is always consistent with the party
Through the Party’s disciplinary inspection department, Investigate and deal with illegal cases involving party members and cadres in administrative agencies, Eliminate corruption within the party and maintain the purity of government mechanisms
Through the criticism of the majority of party members and cadres in administrative agencies, Suggest, report, expose to achieve Routine supervision of government administration
Democratic Party Supervision
Participate in the management of state affairs and supervision of government administration through the organizational form of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Social supervision
definition
Supervision of administrative agencies by the broad masses of the people and social groups
Supervision method
Supervision by the people of administrative agencies and their staff
Supervision of administrative activities by social groups, such as supervision of government work by trade unions, women's federations, Communist Youth League and other groups
Mass media is the most effective, fastest, cheapest and easiest to operate supervision